建筑施工进度与计划

ContentsINTRODUCTION 1

Bar Charts 2

Shortcomings of Bar Charts 3

Value of Bar Charts 5

Reasons for Planning and Scheduling in Construction 8

CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING A NETWORK MODEL 10

Steps in Building a Network Model 10

Defining Activities 11

Ordering Activities 13

Drawing the Network Diagram 16

Assigning Durations to Activities 18

Assigning Resources and Costs 19

Calculating Early and Late Start/Finish Times 19

Scheduling Activity Start/Finish Times 20

Final Comments 20

Review Questions 20

CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPING AN ARROW-DIAGRAM NETWORE 21

Activity Relationships 22

The i-j Notation of Activities 25

Dummies 25

Other Activity Relationships 31

Final Comments 34

Review Problems 35

CHAPTER 3 PERFORMING TIME CALCULATIONS WITH ARROW DIAGRAMSCalculating Start and Finish Times 38

Float Values 46

Early Start 51

Scheduling Actual Start and Finish Times 51

Late Start 52

Between Early and Late Start 52

？ to Early Start　　 52

After Late Start　　 52

Understanding Total Float and Free Float 53

Independent Float and Interfering Float 56

Final Comments 59

Review Problems 59

CHAPTER 4 PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMS 66

Precedence(Activity-on-Node)Networks 66

Calculations on a Precedence Network 71

Final Comments 78

Review Problems 79

CHAPTER 5 DETERMINING ACTIVITY DURATIONS 87

Estimating 87

Types of Estimates 87

Conceptual Estimates 87

Detailed Estimates 88

Conducting a Detailed Estimate 88

Estimating Durations 94

Scheduling Issues 97

Factors Influencing Choice of Activiry Schedules 98

Weather and the Schedule 99

Uncertainty in Duration Estimates 100

Review Questions 103

Final Comments 103

CHAPTER 6 TIME IN CONTRACT PROVISIONS 105

Notice to Proceed 106

Time of Completion 106

Time Is of the Essence 107

Liquidated Damages—Damages for Late Completion 107

Suspension 109

Weather 109

Use of Completed Portions of the Work 110

Substantial Completion 111

Notice of Delays 111

Unavoidable Delays 112

Avoidable Delays 112

Extension of Time(Avoidable Delays) 113

Extension of Time(Unavoidable Delays) 113

Ownership of Float 115

Units of Time:Working Days or Calendar Days 116

Submittals 119

Cooperation 120

Progress Payments 121

Final Payment 123

Payment for Materials 123

Termination by Contractor 124

Requirements for Project Coordination 124

Progress Schedule 125

Final Comments 130

Review Questions 131

CHAPTER 7 RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND RESOURCE LEVELING 132

The Management of Resources 133

When Resources Are Limited(Resource Allocation) 134

The Manual Solution for Resource Allocation 135

The Brooks Method of Resource Allocation 144

When Project Duration Is Fixed(Resource Leveling) 151

The Manual Solution for Resource Leveling 153

Final Comments 160

Review Problems 161

CHAPTER 8 MONEY AND NETWORK SCHEDULES 176

Cash Flow 177

The Time Value of Money 177

Interest Rates 177

Contractor Cash Disbursements 178

Contract Provisions That Impact Cash Flow 180

The Cash-Flow Analysis 182

Owner Policies and Practices That Impact Cash Flow 182

The Value of Cash-Flow Analysis 184

The Present Worth of Cash Flow 184

Time/Cost Trade-Offs 186

Direct Costs 187

Overhead(Company Overhead) 188

Profit 188

Indirect Job Costs(Job Overhead) 188

Four Different Solutions for Each Network 191

Logically Reducing Project Duration 192

Final Comments 202

Review Problems 203

Construction Time 208

CHAPTER 9 PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL 208

Effective Scheduling 210

Monitoring Project Status 211

Updating the Schedule 216

Difficulties in Assessing Progress 216

Controlling the Project 217

As-Built Schedules 220

Final Comments 222

Review Questions 223

CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER SCHEDULING 224

Computer Scheduling Terms 226

Primavera(P3？) 228

Scheduling Software 228

Computers Associates SuperProject 229

SureTrak Project Manager 229

Creating a Schedule 230

Microsoft Project 230

Presenting a Schedule 234

Updating a Schedule 234

Useful Software Features 235

Sorting and Filtering 236

Cash-Flow Analysis 237

Resource Leveling 237

Final Comments 237

Global Editing 237

Review Questions 238

CHAPTER 11 EARNED VALUE:A MEANS FOR INTEGRATING COSTS AND SCHEDULE 239

The Earned Value Concept 240

Difficulties in Integrating Cost and Schedule Systems 241

Final Comments 243

Review Questions and Problems 243

CHAPTER 12 THE IMPACT OF SCHEDULING DECISIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY 247

Working Overtime 247

Increasing the Workforce(Crowding) 249

Interruption of Work on Multiple Units(Impact of Lost Learning) 250

Increasing the Number of Starting Points 250

Learning Applied to Individual Units 253

Learning Applied to Cumulative Units 255

What Happens When Work Is Interrupted? 257

Final Comments 260

Review Questions 260

CHAPTER 13 CPM IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND LITIGATION 263

Going to Court 263

Review Questions 269

Final Comments 269

CHAPTER 14 SHORT-INTERVAL SCHEDULES 270

Short-Interval Schedules in the Literature 272

How Contractors Use Short-Interval Schedules 272

Other Short-Interval Schedules 277

Final Comments 282

Review Questions 282

CHAPTER 15 LINEAR SCHEDULING 283

What Is Linear Scheduling? 284

Example 1:Project to Replace a State Park Walkway 288

Velocity Diagram 288

Buffers 289

Generating the Linear Schedule 289

Example 2:Project to Construct 500 Tract Housing Units 292

Review Questions 296

Final Comments 296

CHAPTER 16 PERT:PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE 297

Uncertainty in Activity Duration Estimates 297

Uncertainty in the Duration Estimates of an Activity Chain 301

Uncertainty in the Duration Estimates of Projects 303

Monte Carlo Simulation 304

Final Comments 305

Review Problems 305

REFERENCES 309

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 311

INDEX 315