新编进出口贸易实务

Chapter 1 International Trade 1

1.1 Concept of International Trade 1

1.2 Reasons for International Trade 2

1.3 Benefits of International Trade 3

1.4 International Trade Restrictions 4

1.4.1 Reasons for Restricting Free Trade 4

1.4.2 Methods of Restricting Free Trade 5

1.5 Invisible Trade 8

Chapter 2 International Trade Theory 18

2.1 Mercantilism 18

2.2 Absolute Advantage 19

2.4 Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 20

2.3 Comparative Advantage 20

2.5 The Product Life-cycle Theory 21

2.6 The New Trade Theory 23

2.7 National Competitive Advantage:Porter's Diamond 25

2.8 Implications for Business 26

2.8.1 Location Implications 26

2.8.2 First-mover Implications 27

2.8.3 Policy Implications 28

Chapter 3 International Payment 37

3.1 Payment Instruments of International Trade 37

3.1.1 Draft or Bill of Exchange 37

3.2.1 Cash in Advance 40

3.2 Five Basic Methods of Payment 40

3.1.3 Check 40

3.1.2 Promissory Note 40

3.2.2 Open Account 41

3.2.3 Consignment 43

3.2.4 Documentary Collection 43

3.2.5 Documentary Letter of Credit 48

Chapter 4 The Letter of Credit（Ⅰ） 56

4.1 The Major Contents of the L/C 56

4.2 Parties to the Transaction 57

4.3 Details on Procedures 58

4.3.1 The Buyer(Importer/Applicant) 58

4.3.3 The Advising(Seller's)Bank 59

4.3.2 The Issuing(Buyer's)Bank 59

4.3.4 The Seller/Exporter/Beneficiary 60

4.3.5 The Advising Bank and the Issuing Bank 60

4.4 Conformity with the Documentary Credit 60

4.5 How to Handle Documentary Discrepancies 61

4.6 Regarding the Role of Banks 62

4.7 Limitations with Documentary Credits 63

Chapter 5 The Letter of Credit（Ⅱ） 71

5.1 Clean Credit and Documentary Credit 71

5.2 Revocable Credit and Irrevocable Credit 71

5.3 Confirmed Credit and Unconfi rmed Credit 72

5 6 Transferable Credit and Non-transferable Credit 73

5.4 Sight Credit and Usance Credit 73

5.5 Non-draft Credit 73

5.7 Deferred Payment Credit 74

5.8 Revolving Credit 75

5.9 Standby Credit 75

5.10 Red Clause Credit 76

5.11 Back to Back Credit 77

Chapter 6 Terms of Delivery 86

6.1 Vital Aspects of Transaction 86

6.2 The Purpose of Terms of Delivery and Incoterms 87

6.3 A View of the Structure of Incoterms 2000 87

6.3.1 Ex Works [Named Place](EXW) 89

6.3.4 Free on Board [Named Port of Shipment](FOB) 90

6.3.2 Free Carrier [Named Place](FCA) 90

6.3.3 Free Alongside Ship [Named Port of Shipment](FAS) 90

6.3.5 Cost and Freight [Named Port of Destination](CFR) 91

6.3.6 Cost,Insurance,Freight [Named Port of Destination](CIF) 91

6.3.7 Carriage Paid To [Named Port of Destination](CPT) 92

6.3.8 Carriage and Insurance Paid To [Named Port of Destination](CIP) 93

6.3.9 Delivered at Frontier [Named Place](DAF) 93

6.3.10 Delivered Ex Ship [Named Port of Destination](DES) 93

6.3.11 Delivered Ex Quay Duty Paid [Named Port of Destination](DEQ) 93

6.3.12 Delivered Duty Unpaid [Named Place of Destination](DDU) 94

6.3.13 Delivered Duty Paid [Named Place of Destination](DDP) 94

7.1.1 Invitation to Offer 103

Chapter 7 Business Contract 103

7.1 Business Negotiation 103

7.1.2 Offer 104

7.1.3 Acceptance 105

7.1.4 Counter-offer 106

7.1.5 Conclusion of a Contract 107

7.2 The Performance of the Contract 107

7.2.1 Delivery of the Goods 107

7.2.2 Passing of the Property 107

7.2.3 Passing of the Risk 108

7.3 The Functions of the Contract in Written Form 108

7.4 Forms of the Written Contract 108

8.1 Commercial Documents 116

Chapter 8 Import and Export Documentation 116

8.1.1 Pro Forma Invoice 117

8.1.2 Commercial Invoice 117

8.1.3 Quality Certificate 118

8.1.4 Weight Certificate 118

8.2 Finance Documents 118

8.2.1 Application Form for International Money Transfer 118

8.2.2 Draft 118

8.2.3 Application for Documentary Letter of Credit 119

8.2.4 Letter of Credit 119

8.3.2 Packing List 120

8.3 Transportation Documents 120

8.3.1 Shipping Note 120

8.3.3 Bill of Lading 121

8.3.4 Consignment Note(for Rail and Road) 124

8.3.5 Air Waybill 124

8.3.6 Parcel Post Receipt 125

8.3.7 Combined Transport Documents 125

8.4 Other Documents 125

8.4.1 Import License and Foreign Exchange Authorization 126

8.4.2 Certificate of Origin 126

8.4.3 Inspection Certificate 126

8.4.5 Customs Invoice 127

8.4.4 Consular Invoice 127

Chapter 9 Description of Commodities and Their Packing 134

9.1 Description of Commodities 134

9.1.1 Name of Commodity 134

9.1.2 Quantity of Commodity 134

9.1.3 Quality of Commodity 137

9.2 Packing of Commodity 141

9.2.1 Types of Packing 142

9.2.2 Particulars of Attentions 143

Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation 151

10.1 Modes of Transport 151

10.1.1 Sea Transport(Ocean Transport) 152

10.1.3 Air Transport 153

10.1.2 Rail Transport 153

10.1.4 Road Transport 154

10.1.5 Inland Waterway Transport 154

10.1.6 Container Transport 154

10.1.7 Intemational Multimodal Transport 156

10.1.8 Parcel Post Transport 156

10.1.9 Pipeline Transport 156

10.2 Shipping and Forwarding Agents 156

10.3 Clause of Shipment 157

10.3.1 Time of Shipment 157

10.3.2 Port of Shipment and Port of Destination 157

10.3.4 Partial Shipment and Transshipment 158

10.3.3 Shipping Advice 158

10.3.5 Lay time,Demurrage and Dispatch 159

Chapter 11 Insurance（Ⅰ） 167

11.1 Risk Transfer 167

11.2 The Common Pool 168

11.3 Transportation Insurance 168

Chapter 12 Insurance（Ⅱ） 180

12.1 Marine Cargo Insurance 180

12.1.1 Types of Risks,Losses and Expenses Covered 180

12.1.2 Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses of CIC 183

12.1.3 Institute of London Underwriters and Institute Transit Clause 184

12.1.4 Major Types of Policy 184

12.1.5 Premium 185

12.3 Insurance Procedures 186

12.3.1 Insurance Clause in Sales or Purchase Contract 186

12.2 Insurance of Land,Air and Postal Transportation 186

12.3.2 Insurance in Practice 187

Chapter 13 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and Arbitration 195

13.1 Inspection 195

13.1.1 Importance of Commodity Inspection 195

13.1.2 Time and Place for Inspection 195

13.1.3 Inspection Authority 197

13.1.4 Inspection Standard 197

13.1.5 Inspection Certificate 198

13.2.1 Liabilities of Breach of Contract 199

13.1.6 An Example of Inspection Clause in Contract 199

13.2 Claim 199

13.2.2 Claim Clause in Contract 200

13.2.3 Claim 201

13.3 Force Majeure 203

13.3.1 Definition of Force Majeure 203

13.3.2 Consequences of Force Majeure 203

13.3.3 Cautions When Drafting the Clause 203

13.3.4 Cautions When Quoting the Clause 204

13.4 Arbitration 204

13.4.1 Definition of Arbitration 204

13.4.4 Arbitration Bodies 205

13.4.2 Characteristics of Arbitration 205

13.4.3 Location of Arbitration 205

13.4.5 Arbitration Award 206

13.4.6 Arbitration Fees 206

Chapter 14 Import and Export Procedures 215

14.1 Import Procedures 215

14.1.1 Import License 215

14.1.2 Sales Contract 215

14.1.3 Letter of Credit 216

14.1.4 Arrange Shipment and Insurance 216

14.1.5 Document Examination and Payment 216

14.1.6 Customs Clearance 216

14.2.1 Export License 217

14.2.2 Sales Contract 217

14.1.7 Taking Delivery and Reinspection 217

14.2 Export Procedure 217

14.1.8 Settlement of Disputes 217

14.2.3 Cargo Readiness 218

14.2.4 L/C 218

14.2.5 Export Declaration and Customs Clearance 218

14.2.6 Shipment 218

14.2.7 Insurance 219

14.2.8 Documentation and Payment 219

References 227