生物学英语阅读

Chapter 1 A Rich and Coulorful Biological World 1

1.1 Introduction to Biology 1

Passage 1 How Did Life Begin? 1

Passage 2 What Is Life? 9

Passage 3 Characteristics of Living Organisms 13

Passage 4 Biological Classification 17

1.2 A Splendid Animal World 21

Passage 1 Blue Whale 21

Passage 2 What Is a Mammal? 25

Passage 3 How Birds Fly 33

Passage 4 Dog History—How and Why Dogs Were Domesticated 39

1.3 A Luxuriant Plant World 42

Passage 1 Orchid 42

Passage 2 The World's 10 Oldest Living Trees 46

Passage 3 Flowers 49

Passage 4 Plant Bodies—Building Plants from Cells and Modules 55

1.4 A Magical Microbial Kingdom 59

Passage 1 It's a Microbial World 59

Passage 2 The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans(Adapted) 62

Passage 3 Fungi 70

Passage 4 Virus(Adapted) 75

Chapter 2 Cell Morphology,Structure and Metabolism 82

2.1 Cell Morphology 82

Passage 1 What Is a Cell? 82

Passage 2 Plant Cell Structure 87

Passage 3 Animal Cell Structure 92

Passage 4 Bacterial Cell Structure 97

2.2 Cell Metabolism 101

Passage 1 Metabolism 101

Passage 2 Metabolism,Human 104

Passage 3 Abstracts of Metabolism Papers 108

Passage 4 Cancer Cell Metabolism Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities 113

2.3 Cell Division,Differentiation,Aging,Death and Carcinogenesis 119

Passage 1 Cell Division 119

Passage 2 Cell Differentiation and Tissue 123

Passage 3 Hormesis,Cell Death and Aging 127

Passage 4 Carcinogenesis 131

Chapter 3 Continuity and Development of Life Characteristics 136

3.1 Gene and Genetic Variation 136

Passage 1 Gene 136

Passage 2 We're all Mammals—so Why do We Look So Different? 139

Passage 3 Rare Form of Active"Jumping Genes"Found in Mammals 141

Passage 4 Human Genetic Variation 144

3.2 Genetic Engineering 149

Passage 1 Genetic Engineering:What Is Genetic Engineering? 149

Passage 2 Genetic Engineering Advantages＆Disadvantages 151

Passage 3 Genetic Engineering and Food Safety 153

Passage 4 What Is Cloning? 156

Chapter 4 Ecology and Environment 159

4.1 Biodiversity Conservation 159

Passage 1 Biodiversity 159

Passage 2 What Is Biodiversity? 164

Passage 3 Conservation of Biodiversity 167

Passage 4 Why Conserve Biodiversity? 173

4.2 Ecological System and Ecological Balance 178

Passage 1 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅰ 178

Passage 2 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅱ 181

Passage 3 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅲ 185

Passage 4 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅳ 189

4.3 The Impact of Human Activities on the Environment and Ecology 194

Passage 1 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅰ 194

Passage 2 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅱ 198

Passage 3 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅲ 203

Passage 4 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅳ 208

4.4 Protection of Ecology and Environment 212

Passage 1 Agroecology 212

Passage 2 Managing Floodplain-Forest Restoration in European River Landscapes 216

Passage 3 The Ecological Role of Fruit Aroma 220

Passage 4 Landscape Ecology:Emerging Approaches for Planning and Management of Forests and Woodlands within Britain 223

Chapter 5 Development of Life Science 228

5.1 Biotechnology 228

Passage 1 Redefining Part of a 300 Year-old Classification System for Grouping Members of the Animal Kingdom 228

Passage 2 Biofuel Tech Straight from the Farm 230

Passage 3 Shining Light on Microbial Growth and Death Inside our Guts 234

Passage 4 Gene Drive Reversibility Introduces New Layer of Biosafety 236

5.2 Biomaterial 239

Passage 1 Biomaterial Shows Promise for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment 239

Passage 2 Making Progress in Biomaterial Design and Tissue Validation 242

Passage 3 3D Printing Aims to Deliver Organs on Demand 245

Passage 4 Cleveland Clinic Unveils Top 10 Medical Innovations for 2016 248

5.3 Biomimetics 251

Passage 1 Cockroach-inspired Robot Uses Body Streamlining to Negotiate Obstacles 251

Passage 2 "Flipperbot":Sea Turtles Inspire Beach-Walking Robot 254

Passage 3 Mexican Jumping Beans May Influence Robot Design 257

Passage 4 Robots May Receive Urine-powered Artificial"hearts" 260

5.4 Bioenergy 263

Passage 1 Food Giants Shoot for 100％ Renewable Energy Target 263

Passage 2 Biobased Economy and Resource Efficient Agriculture:A Sinergy Against Climate Change 266

Passage 3 Rice Husk Gasifiers for Cost Competitive Rural Electrification—a Study in Ghana 269

Passage 4 Quality and Cost Factors for Viable Production and Logistics of Biocoal 271

5.5 Marine Biotechnology 274

Passage 1 Innovation Will Help Develop Oman's Marine Biotechnology Sector 274

Passage 2 Harvesting Marine Biotechnology 276

Passage 3 The Healing Touch of Marine Biotechnology 280

5.6 Fermentation Engineering 283

Passage 1 Origin of Cold-adapted Yeasts that Make Cold Beer 283

Passage 2 Researchers Unravel Age-old Mystery of Why Cells Use Fermentation 286

5.7 Human Genome Project＆Sex Chromosomes 289

Passage 3 White Paper-Fermentation Technology:Cooking up New Therapeutics 293

Passage 1 Human Genome Project 293

Passage 2 New Chromosome Research Undermines Human-Chimp Similarity Claims 296

Passage 3 DNA Research:This Is the Age of the Genome,and There Are Exciting Times Ahead 299

Passage 4 Neanderthal Man:In Search of Lost Genomes by Svante P？bo—Review 302

5.8 Disease Diagnosis 305

Passage 1 High Coronary Calcium Score May Signal Increased Risk of Cancer,Kidney and Lung Disease 305

Passage 2 Crowdsourcing:The Answer for Rare Disease Diagnosis? 308

Passage 3 Researchers Develop Affordable and Portable Disease Diagnostics for Developing World 311

Passage 4 Alzheimer's Disease:3 Million More Americans Should Get Diagnosis,Study Concludes 314

5.9 Gene Therapy 317

Passage 1 Gene Therapy Scores Big Wins Against Blood Cancers 317

Passage 2 HIV Gene Therapy Using GM Cells Hailed a Success after Trial 320

Passage 3 Gene Therapy Restores Hearing in Deaf Mice 323

Passage 4 Eye Drops Deliver Gene Therapy for Brain Disorders 326

5.10 Stem Cell Research and Development 329

Passage 1 By Cloning Mouse Neurons,Scientists Find Brain Cells with 100+ Unique Mutations 329

Passage 2 High-fat Diet Linked to Intestinal Stem Cell Changes,Increased Risk for Cancer 332

Passage 3 Researchers Fight Aplastic Anemia Using a Therapy Designed to Delay Ageing 334

Passage 4 A Deeper Take on our Sexual Nature 337