亚原子物理学 第3版 英文版

1 Background and Language 1

1.1 Orders of Magnitude 1

1.2 Units 3

1.3 Special Relativity,Feynman Diagrams 4

1.4 References 8

Ⅰ Tools 11

2 Accelerators 13

2.1 Why Accelerators? 13

2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity 16

2.3 Electrostatic Generators(Van de Graaff) 18

2.4 Linear Accelerators(Linacs) 20

2.5 Beam Optics 22

2.6 Synchrotrons 24

2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-MomentumFrames 29

2.8 Colliding Beams 31

2.9 Superconducting Linacs 31

2.1 0 Beam Storage and Cooling 32

2.1 1 References 34

3 Passage of Radiation Through Matter 39

3.1 Concepts 39

3.2 Heavy Charged Particles 41

3.3 Photons 45

3.4 Electrons 46

3.5 Nuclear Interactions 49

3.6 References 50

4 Detectors 53

4.1 Scintillation Counters 53

4.2 Statistical Aspects 56

4.3 Semiconductor Detectors 59

4.4 Bubble Chambers 62

4.5 Spark Chambers 64

4.6 Wire Chambers 65

4.7 Drift Chambers 66

4.8 Time Projection Chambers 67

4.9 ？erenkov Counters 68

4.10 Calorimeters 69

4.11 Counter Electronics 70

4.12 Electronics:Logic 72

4.13 References 73

Ⅱ Particles and Nuclei 77

5 The Subatomic Zoo 79

5.1 Mass and Spin.Fermions and Bosons 79

5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment 84

5.3 Mass Measurements 87

5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo 92

5.5 Gauge Bosons 94

5.6 Leptons 97

5.7 Decays 98

5.8 Mesons 103

5.9 Baryon Ground States 105

5.10 Particles and Antiparticles 108

5.11 Quarks,Gluons,and Intermediate Bosons 112

5.12 Excited States and Resonances 118

5.13 Excited States of Baryons 122

5.14 References 128

6 Structure of Subatomic Particles 135

6.1 The Approach:Elastic Scattering 135

6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering 136

6.3 Form Factors 140

6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei 143

6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles 147

6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors 153

6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon 160

6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering 161

6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering 164

6.10 Quark-Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering 166

6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure 172

6.12 References 189

Ⅲ Symmetries and Conservation Laws 195

7 Additive Conservation Laws 197

7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries 197

7.2 The Electric Charge 203

7.3 The Baryon Number 206

7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number 208

7.5 Strangeness Flavor 211

7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks 214

7.7 References 216

8 Angular Momentum and Isospin 221

8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation 221

8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field 223

8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces 224

8.4 The Nucleon Isospin 225

8.5 Isospin Invariance 226

8.6 Isospin of Particles 228

8.7 Isospin in Nuclei 232

8.8 References 235

9 P,C,CP,and T 239

9.1 The Parity Operation 239

9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles 243

9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity 247

9.4 Charge Conjugation 252

9.5 Time Reversal 256

9.6 The Two-State Problem 260

9.7 The Neutral Kaons 263

9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance 268

9.9 References 271

Ⅳ Interactions 279

10 The Electromagnetic Interaction 281

10.1 The Golden Rule 281

10.2 Phase Space 286

10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction 289

10.4 Photon Emission 292

10.5 Multipole Radiation 299

10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons 303

10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon-Hadron Interaction 307

10.8 Colliding Beams 311

10.9 Electron-Positron Collisions and Quarks 314

10.10 The Photon-Hadron Interaction:Real and Spacelike Photons 317

10.11 Magnetic Monopoles 323

10.12 References 324

11 The Weak Interaction 331

11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum 331

11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes 335

11.3 The Current-Current Interaction of the Standard Model 337

11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes 342

11.5 The Muon Decay 346

11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons 348

11.7 Chirality versus Helicity 353

11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF 354

11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix 355

11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics 356

11.11 Inverse Beta Decay:Reines and Cowan's Detection of Neutrinos 361

11.12 Massive Neutrinos 363

11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos 365

11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies 366

11.15 References 375

12 Introduction to Gauge Theories 383

12.1 Introduction 383

12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics—The Aharonov-Bohm Effect 386

12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields 388

12.4 The Higgs Mechanism;Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 393

12.5 General References 401

13 The Electroweak Theory of the Standard Model 403

13.1 Introduction 403

13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin 404

13.3 The Electroweak Interaction 408

13.4 Tests of the Standard Model 414

13.5 References 418

14 Strong Interactions 421

14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions 422

14.2 The Pion-Nucleon Interaction—Survey 425

14.3 The Form of the Pion-Nucleon Interaction 430

14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces 432

14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Force 434

14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon-NucleonForce 442

14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies 445

14.8 The Standard Model,Quantum Chromodynamics 451

14.9 QCD at Low Energies 456

14.10 Grand Unified Theories,Supersymmetry,String Theories 458

14.11 References 460

Ⅴ Models 469

15 Quark Models of Mesons and Baryons 471

15.1 Introduction 471

15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons 472

15.3 Hunting the Quark 474

15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States 475

15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States 478

15.6 The Hadron Masses 480

15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons 483

15.8 Heavy Mesons:Charmonium,Upsilon 491

15.9 Outlook and Problems 493

15.10 References 494

16 Liquid Drop Model,Fermi Gas Model,Heavy Ions 501

16.1 The Liquid Drop Model 501

16.2 The Fermi Gas Model 506

16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions 508

16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 511

16.5 References 515

17 The Shell Model 521

17.1 The Magic Numbers 522

17.2 The Closed Shells 524

17.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction 529

17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model 531

17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model 533

17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances 535

17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability 537

17.8 References 538

18 Collective Model 543

18.1 Nuclear Deformations 544

18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei 547

18.3 Rotational Families 551

18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei(Nilsson Model) 554

18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei 558

18.6 The Interacting Boson Model 562

18.7 Highly Excited States;Giant Resonances 564

18.8 Nuclear Models—Concluding Remarks 567

18.9 References 570

19 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics 579

19.1 The Beginning of the Universe 579

19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis 585

19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis 586

19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars 592

19.5 Cosmic Rays 596

19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology 601

19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess 602

19.8 References 603

Index 609