- 作 者：ANDREW STUMER
- 出 版 社：OREGON
- 出版年份：2010
- ISBN：1849460361
- 标注页数：218 页
- PDF页数：254 页
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1. THE PRESUMPTION BEFORE THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1
A. History of the Presumption of Innocence 1
B. Burden of Proof 8
1. Persuasive Burdens 9
2. Evidential Burdens 16
C. Standard of Proof 19
D. Impact of the HRA 22
E. Conclusion 26
2. RATIONALE FOR THE PRESUMPTION 27
A. Two rationales for the Presumption 27
1. Protecting the Innocent 28
2. Promoting the Rule of Law 37
B. Limitation of the Presumption 40
1. Limitation of Rights 41
2. Threat of Serious Crime 43
3. When the Rationale is Attenuated 48
C. Conclusion 51
3. SCOPE OF THE PRESUMPTION 52
A. Substantive Approach 53
1. Rejection in the English Cases 54
2. Case for a Substantive Approach 57
3. Other Constraints on Unfair Offences 65
B. Narrow ProceduralApproach 68
1. Confusion in the English Cases 68
2. Case for a Narrow Procedural Approach 73
C. Broad Procedural Approach 82
1. Greater Power includes the Lesser 83
2. Risk of More Strict Liability Offences 84
D. Conclusion 87
4. THE PRESUMPTION IN STRASBOURG 88
A. The Content of the Presumption 89
1. Official Decisions Reflecting Guilt 90
2. Burden of Proof 92
3. Presumptions Confined within Reasonable Limits 98
4. Article 6(2) and Substantive Law 102
B. Limitation of Article 6 Rights 107
1. Community Interest Under Article 6(2) 107
2. Community Interest and Other Article 6 Rights 109
C. Conclusion 118
5. PROPORTIONALITY AND THE PRESUMPTION 119
A. Confusion in the English Cases 120
1. Necessity Approach 121
2. Balance Approach 124
3. A 'Difference of Emphasis' 127
B. The Nature of the Proportionality Inquiry 132
1. Legitimate Objective 134
2. Suitability, Necessity and Balance 136
3. Proportionality and the Problem of Deference 146
C. Conclusion 151
6. ALLOCATING THE BURDEN OF PROOF 152
A. Seriousness of the Offence 153
B. Penalty 157
C. Regulatory Offences 162
1. Minimal Censure and Penalty 162
2. An Effective Regulatory Regime 164
D. Knowledge and Ease of Proof 167
1. Relative Ease of Proof 167
2. 'Peculiar Knowledge' 172
E. Importance of Matters Proved by Prosecution 176
1. Proof of Wrongfulness 176
2. Connection between Basic and Presumed Fact 186
F. Conclusion 188
Conclusion 190
Bibliography 193
Index 209