The international law of human rights

PART Ⅰ THE FRAMEWORK 1

1. HISTORICAL AND JURIDICAL BACKGROUND 3

1.1 The development of laws 3

1.2 Hierarchies of laws 5

1.3 Emergence of domestic human rights law 6

1.4 The Law of Nations 9

1.5 The doctrine of national sovereignty 11

1.6 Legal positivism 12

1.7 Emergence of international human rights law 13

1.8 International human rights law since 1945 14

1.9 The structure of modern international human rights law 16

1.10 Non-discrimination 17

1.11 The Rule of Law 18

1.12 Remedies for violation 20

2. REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 24

2.1 The UN Charter (UNCH) 24

2.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 24

2.3 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICPR) 25

2.4 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICES) 26

2.5 The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (EHR) 26

2.6 The European Social Charter (ESC) 27

2.7 The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADRD) 28

2.8 The American Convention on Human Rights (AMR) 28

2.9 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights([AFR]) 29

2.10 Subsidiary Instruments 29

2.11 The Helsinki Final Act 30

3. PARTICIPATION IN THE INSTRUMENTS 33

3.1 Negotiation and adoption 33

3.2 Signature 34

3.3 Ratification 34

3.4 Entry into force 35

3.5 Accession or adherence 36

3.6 Reservations and interpretations 36

3.7 Amendment 37

3.8 Derogation 38

3.9 Denunciation 38

4. DOMESTIC EFFECT OF THE INSTRUMENTS 39

4.1 Sources and hierarchies of domestic law 39

4.2 International treaties as a source of domestic law 40

4.3 Rights, freedoms, and duties 42

4.4 'Drittwirkungder Grundrechte' 43

5. SUPERVISION, INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,AND ENFORCEMENT 45

5.1 International institutions and procedures 45

5.2 Domestic institutions and procedures 46

5.3 'International crimes' 47

PART Ⅱ ARTICLES OF GENERAL APPLICATION 49

6. THE STATE OBLIGATIONS 51

6.1 The UN Charter 51

6.2 The Universal Declaration and the American Declaration 53

6.3 Absolute and immediate treaty obligations 56

6.4 Qualified and progressive treaty obligations 59

6.5 Territorial application 63

6.6 Provision of domestic remedies 67

7. NON-DISCRIMINATION 72

8. RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 85

9. ABUSE 104

10. SAVINGS 107

11. DEROGATION 110

12. DENUNCIATION 119

PART Ⅲ THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS GUARANTEED 123

13. CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 125

14. PHYSICAL INTEGRITY 128

14.1 Life 128

14.2 Liberty and security; arrest and detention 135

14.3 Torture and other ill-treatment 159

14.4 Freedom of movement 174

14.5 Asylum 188

15. STANDARD OF LIVING 193

16. HEALTH 195

17. FAMILY 199

17.1 Marriage and family 199

17.2 Mothers and children 208

18. WORK 214

18.1 The right to work 214

18.2 Pay and conditions of work 218

18.3 Rest and leisure 223

18.4 Slavery, servitude, and forced labour 226

19. SOCIAL SECURITY, ASSISTANCE, AND WELFARE 236

20. EDUCATION AND TRAINING 243

21. PROPERTY 252

22. LEGAL INTEGRITY 259

22.1 Nationality 259

22.2 Recognition before the law 261

22.3 Equality before the law 262

22.4 Fair trial 268

22.5 Retroactive penal laws 285

22.6 Rights of accused persons 291

22.7 Miscarriage of justice 305

23. MENTAL AND MORAL INTEGRITY 308

23.1 Dignity, personality, and name 308

23.2 Privacy, honour and reputation 310

23.3 Thought, conscience, and religion 321

23.4 Opinion and expression 327

23.5 Culture, arts, and science 337

24. JOINT ACTIVITIES 340

24.1 Assembly 340

24.2 Association 343

24.3 Trade unions 346

25. POLITICS AND DEMOCRACY 360

26. COLLECTIVE RIGHTS 368

26.1 Self-determination, liberation, and equality 369

26.2 International peace and security 371

26.3 Use of wealth and resources 373

26.4 Development 375

26.5 Environment 377

26.6 Minorities 377

PART Ⅳ INTERNATIONAL INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,ENFORCEMENT, AND SUPERVISION 379

27. THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE (HRC) 381

27.1 Composition and organization 381

27.2 State communications 384

27.3 Individual communications 387

27.4 Supervision 389

28. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (EUCM and EUCT) 391

28.1 Institutions 391

28.2 EUCM: Composition and organization 391

28.3 EUCM: Competence 392

28.4 EUCM: Procedure 394

28.5 EUCT: Composition and organization 396

28.6 EUCT: Jurisdiction 397

28.7 EUCT: Procedure 399

28.8 Supervision 400

29. THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (IACM and IACT) 401

29.1 IACM's functions and powers in respect of OAS Member States which are not parties to AMR 401

29.2 The provisions of AMR for IACM and IACT 403

29.2.1 Institutions and mandate 403

29.2.2 IACM: Composition and organization 404

29.2.3 IACM: Competence 405

29.2.4 IACM: Procedure 407

29.2.5 IACT: Composition and organization 409

29.2.6 IACT: Jurisdiction 412

29.2.7 IACT: Procedure 413

29.2.8 Supervision 414

30. THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS ([AFCM]) 415

30.1 Institution and mandate 415

30.2 Composition and organization 416

30.3 Procedure 418

30.4 State communications 419

30.5 Other communications 420

30.6 Supervision 422

31.THE UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) 423

31.1 The UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR) 423

31.2 Supervision of ICES 424

32.THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS (EUCE) 430

33.THE UN SECRETARIAT'S DIVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (DHR) 433

34.THE UN EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO) 434

35.THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) 438

35.1 The supervision procedure 438

35.2 The representations procedure 438

35.3 The complaints procedure 439

35.4 The special procedure for complaints about infringements of trade union rights 440

35.5 Supervision of ICES and ESC 441

36.NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 442

TABLE A: Signatures, ratifications, accessions, adherences,reservations, and interpretations 445

TABLE B: Judgments, Decisions, and Reports cited 495

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 561

INDEX OF ARTICLES 563