中国页岩油工业 英文版

PARTⅠ OIL SHALE 1

Chapter 1 Resources and Occurrence 1

Section 1 Major Oil Shale Mining Areas 1

Section 2 Other Areas 3

Chapter 2 Formation of Oil Shale 6

Section 1 Process of Oil Shale Formation 6

Section 2 Age of Formation 12

Section 3 Geographical Environment 13

REFERENCES 16

Section 1 Organic Matter in Oil Shale 18

Chapter 3 Composition and Properties of Oil Shale 18

Section 2 Mineral Matter in Oil Shale 24

Section 3 Physical Properties of Oil Shale 26

Section 4 Evaluation and Analysis of Oil Shale 30

Section 5 Oxidation of Oil Shale 35

REFERENCES 36

Chapter 4 Mining and Transport of Oil Shale 37

PARTⅡ OIL SHALE RETORTING 41

Chapter 1 Pre-treatment of Raw Shale 41

Section 1 Flow Scheme of Raw Shale Pre-treatment 41

Section 2 Crushing and Screening Equipment 44

Section 3 Transport and Storage of Raw Shale 45

Chapter 2 An Outline of Oil Shale Pyrolysis 46

Section 1 General Processes and Mechanism of Pyrolysis 46

Section 2 Effect of Heating Conditions on Oil Shale Pyrolysis 48

Section 3 Gasification Performance of Retorted Shale 63

Section 4 Formation of Ammonia in Oil Shale Retorting 67

REFERENCES 70

Chapter 3 Fushun-type Retort 71

Section 1 Development of Fushun-type Retort 71

Section 1 Principles and Process Description 74

Section 3 Structure of Fushun -type Retort 79

Scetion 4 Operation Control 83

Section 5 Characteristics of Fushun-type Retort 85

Section 6 Improvement of Fushun-type Retort 86

Section 7 Maoming Cylindrical Retort 94

REFERENCES 100

Chapter 4 Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort 101

Section 1 Principles, Structure and Flow Scheme 101

Section 2 Operetion of Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort 105

Chapter 5 Other Types of Retorts 109

Section 1 Fluid Bed Pyrolysis Test of Shale Fines 109

Section 2 Pyrolysis Test of Particulate Shale in Jalousie-type Retort 110

REFERENCES 112

Section 3 Pyrolysis of Shale Fines by Solid Heat Carrier 112

Chapter 6 Condensation and Recovery of Pyrolysis Products 113

Section 1 Flow Scheme of Condensation and Recovery 113

Section 2 Condensation and Recovery Equipment 121

Section 3 Ammonia Recovery 126

Section 4 Recovery of Gas Naphtha 129

Section 5 Recovery of Hydrogen Sulfide and Pyridine Bases 130

PART Ⅲ PROCESSING OF SHALE OIL 131

Chapter 1 Composition and Properties of Shale Oil 131

Section 1 Properties and Evaluation of Shale Oil 131

Section 2 Composition of Shale Oil 139

Section 3 Physico-chemical Properties of Shale Oil 149

REFERENCES 167

Chapter 2 Shale Oil Processs Scheme 168

Section 1 Process Schemes of Shale Oil Refining 168

Section 2 Experimental Process Schemes 171

Section 3 Some Comments On Shale Oil Processing 173

REFERENCES 174

Chapter 3 Processing and Treating of Shale Oil 175

Section 1 Distillation 175

Section 2 Dewaxing and Wax Manufacturing 179

Section 3 Destructive Thermal Processing 184

Section 4 Synthetic Lubricating Oil from Light Oil 188

Section 5 Acid-Alkali Treatment of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel 190

REFERENCES 192

Chapter 4 Hydrorefining of Shale Oil 193

Section 1 Two-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1 194

Section 2 Single-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1 198

Section 3 Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.2 211

Section 4 Hydrorefining of Gas Naphta 216

Section 5 Hydrorefining of Thermally Cracked Light Gas Oil 217

REFERENCES 220

Chapter 1 Comprehensive Utilization 221

Section 1 Burning of Oil Shale for Steam Generation 221

PART Ⅳ COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION，ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION，AND OUTLOOK 221

Section 2 Utilization of Shale Ash 228

Section 3 Extraction and Utilization of Chemicals from Shale Oil 234

REFERENCES 235

Chapter 2 Environmental Protection 237

Section 1 Waste Water Treatment 237

Section 2 Disposal of Oil Sludge 245

Section 3 Noise and Dust Control 245

REFERENCES 247

Chapter 3 Economics and Outlook of Shale Oil Industry 248

Section 1 Economics of Shale Oil Industry 248

Section 2 Outlook of Shale Oil Industry 254