- 作 者：Talcott Parsons
- 出 版 社：Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd
- 出版年份：1949
- ISBN：
- 标注页数：817 页
- PDF页数：836 页
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PART Ⅰ THE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION 1
CHAPTER Ⅰ． INTRODUCTORY 3
The Problem 3
Theory and Empirical Fact 6
Residual Categories 16
Theory，Methodology and Philosophy 20
Types of Concepts 27
Note on the Concept＂Fact＂ 41
CHAPTER Ⅱ． THE THEORY OF ACTION 43
The Unit of Action Systems 43
The Utilitarian System 51
The Positivistic Theory of Action 60
Empiricism 69
Individualism in the Theory of Action 72
Note A：On the Concept＂Normative＂ 74
Note B：Schematic Outline of System Types in the Theory of Action 77
Note C：On the Content of Nonsubjective Categories in Relation to the Theory of Action 82
Note D：On the Relations of Psychology and Biology 85
CHAPTER Ⅲ． SOME PHASES OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALISTIC POSITIVISM IN THE THEORY OF ACTION 87
Hobbes and the Problem of Order 89
Locke and the Classical Economics 95
Malthus and the Instability of Utilitarianism 102
Marx and Class Antagonism 107
Darwinism 110
Other Paths to Radical Positivism 115
Utility 121
Evolution 122
PART Ⅱ THE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE POSITIVISTIC TRADITION 127
CHAPTER Ⅳ． ALFRED MARSHALL：WANTS AND ACTIVITIES AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SCOPE OF ECONOMICS 129
Activities and Utility Theory 130
The Supplies of the Factors of Production 141
Real Cost 146
Free Enterprise 150
Social Evolution 155
The＂Natural Order＂ 159
Economic Motives 161
The Problem of the Scope of Economic Theory 165
CHAPTER Ⅴ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅰ：THE METHODOLOGY AND MAIN ANALYTICAL SCHEME 178
Methodology 180
Logical and Nonlogical Action 185
Residues and Derivations 196
The Two Structural Aspects of Nonlogical Action 200
CHAPTER Ⅵ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅱ：EXTENSION AND VERIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 219
Pareto and Social Darwinism 219
The＂Logical＂Aspect of Action Systems 228
The Theory of Social Utility 241
The Nonlogical Aspect of Social Systems 250
The Status of Economic Theory Again 264
CHAPTER Ⅶ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅲ：EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 269
The Ideology Problem 269
Cycles of Social Change 278
The Role of Force 288
Genera] Conclusions 293
CHAPTER Ⅷ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅰ：EARLY EMPIRICAL WORK 301
The Division of Labor 308
Suicide 324
Occupational Groups and Socialism 338
CHAPTER Ⅸ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅱ：THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGISTC POSITIVISM 343
The Utilitarian Dilemma 344
The＂Social＂Factor 350
Collective Representations 359
Ethics and the Social Type 368
CHAPTER Ⅹ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅲ：THE DEVELOPMENT Of THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTROL 376
The Changing Meaning of Constraint 378
Ethical Difficulties 390
The Role of Institutions 399
CHAPTER Ⅺ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅳ：THE FINAL PHASE：RELIGION AND EPISTEMOLOGY 409
Religious Ideas 411
Ritual 429
Epistemology 441
CHAPTER Ⅻ． SUMMARY OF PART Ⅱ：THE BREAKDOWN Of THE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION 451
The Positivistic Starting Points 451
Marshall 452
Pareto 454
Durkheim 460
PART Ⅲ THE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION 471
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ． THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION 473
Methodological Background 473
The Problem of Capitalism 487
Marx 488
Sombart 495
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ． MAX WEBER，Ⅰ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM A．PROTESTANTISM AND CAPITALISM 500
The Principal Characteristics of Capitalism 503
The Spirit of Capitalism 513
Calvinism and the Spirit of Capitalism 516
Note on the Role of Ideas 533
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ． MAX WEBER，Ⅱ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM(CONTINUED)B．THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES 539
China 542
India 552
The Systematic Typology of Religion 563
Protestantism and Capitalism：Schematic Summary 575
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ． MAX WEBER，Ⅲ：METHODOLOGY 579
Objectivism 581
Intuitionism 586
Natural and Social Science 591
The Ideal Type and Generalized Analytical Theory 601
The Logic of Empirical Proof 610
Adequacy of Explanation 624
Action and Complexes of Meaning 635
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ． MAX WEBER，Ⅳ：SYSTEMATIC THEORY 640
The Types of Social Action 640
Modes of Orientation of Action 649
Legitimate Order，Charisma and Religion 658
Ritual 673
Matters of Taste 677
Note on Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 686
PART Ⅳ CONCLUSION 695
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ． EMPIRICALLY VERIFIED CONCLUSIONS 697
Summary Outline of the Structure of Action 698
Rationality and Utilitarianism 698
Marshall 702
Pareto 704
Durkheim 708
Weber 714
Verified Conclusions 719
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ． TENTATIVE METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 727
Empiricism and Analytical Theory 728
The Action Frame of Reference 731
Systems of Action and Their Units 737
The Role of Analytical Elements 748
The General Status of the Theory of Action 753
The Classification of the Sciences of Action 757
The Place of Sociology 768
BIBLIOGRAPHY 777
INDEX 795