高级英语写作理论与实践

Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to the Essay 1

1.1 Evidence,Idea,Essay 1

Evidence 2

Idea:Getting to the Heart of the Matter 2

Essay 4

1.2 Analysis,Interpretation,Reflection 6

Analysis 6

Interpretation＆Reflection 7

Chapter 2 Analysis 9

2.1 The Nature of Analysis 10

2.2 Determining a Basis for Breakdown 10

2.3 Objectivity and Claims 11

2.4 Interpretation 12

2.5 Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 13

2.6 Analysis with a Purpose 14

2.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 14

Text A from The Road from Coorain 14

Text B Neighborly Vultures 16

Text C Living Like Weasels 18

Text D The Bird of Paradise:The Hunter and the Poet 23

Chapter 3 Description 31

3.1 The Nature of Description 32

3.2 Creating a Lasting Impression by Selecting Details 32

3.3 Organizing Details 34

3.4 Using Figurative Language 34

3.5 Description with a Purpose 36

3.6 Description and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 37

3.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 38

Text A from Moments of Being(1) 38

Text B from Moments of Being(2) 40

Text C The Seam of the Snail 41

Text D Love Sick 46

Chapter 4 Narration 53

4.1 The Nature of Narration 54

4.2 Sequence,Causality,and Effect 54

4.3 Defining Events 55

4.4 Selecting Events and Details 56

4.5 Moment in Time 58

4.6 The Narrator 58

4.7 Narration with a Purpose 61

4.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 61

Text A from A Storm,the Cornfield,and Elk 61

Text B from Once More to the Lake 63

Text C Wolf Hunt 65

Text D Beauty:When the Other Dancer Is the Self 68

Chapter 5 Illustration 79

5.1 The Nature of Illustration 80

5.2 The Meaning of Illustration 81

5.3 How Illuatration Works:Inductive and Deductive Thinking 82

5.4 Using Illustration in Writing 83

5.5 Illustration with a Purpose 85

5.6 Selecting Examples 86

5.7 Illustration and the Other Pattenrns of Inquiry 86

5.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 87

Text A from The Design of Everyday Things(1) 87

Text B from The Design of Everyday Things(2) 88

Text C from Writing Down the Bones 90

Text D English Is a Crazy Language 93

Chapter 6 Classification 99

6.1 The Nature of Classification 100

6.2 Selecting a Principle of Classification 101

6.3 Classification with a Purpose 102

6.4 Using Classification in Writing 106

6.5 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 107

Text A from Invitation to Psychology 107

Text B from The Gift of Good Land 109

Text C The Best of Enemies? 111

Text D Mother Tongue 115

Chapter 7 Comparison and Contrast 123

7.1 The Nature of Comparison and Contrast 124

7.2 Comparison and Contrast with a Purpose 124

7.3 Establishing a Basis for Comparison and Contrast 124

7.4 Block Structure 126

7.5 Alternating Structure 128

7.6 A Special Case of Comparison:Analogy 130

7.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 131

Text A from Emotional Intelligence 131

Text B Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill 133

Text C Athens and Sparta 135

Text D The Cosmic Calendar 138

Chapter 8 Cause and Effect 145

8.1 The Nature of Cause and Effect 146

8.2 Multiple Causes 147

8.3 Interactive Causes 147

8.4 Speculating about Effects 148

8.5 Using Cause and Effect in Writing 149

8.6 Cause and Effect with a Purpose 152

8.7 Cause and Effect and the Other Pattern of Inquiry 153

8.8 Samples of Reading，Thinking＆Writing 153

Text A from Complications 153

Text B from Cleopatra's Nose 155

Text C The Double-Edged Ax of American Technology 156

Text D America and the Coffee Bean 161

Chapter 9 Process Analysis 165

9.1 The Nature of Process Analysis 166

9.2 Breaking Things Down Into Steps 166

9.3 Using Process Analysis in Writing 168

9.4 Process Analysis with a Purpose 171

9.5 Process Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 172

9.6 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 172

Text A from Tender at the Bone 172

Text B from Sociology 173

Text C How to Put Off Doing a Job 175

Chapter 10 Definition 179

10.1 The Nature of Definition 180

10.2 Denotation and Connotation 181

10.3 Using Definiton in Writing 182

10.4 Ways to Define 182

10.5 Definition with a Purose 187

10.6 Definition and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 189

10.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 189

Text A Scientific Concept 189

Text B Psychological/Religious Concept 191

Text C All Living Things Are Critics 194

Text D Criticism 197

Chapter 11 Argument 205

11.1 The Nature of Argument 206

11.2 Using Argument in Writing 207

11.3 Leading to a Conclusion 207

ll.4 Evidence 209

11.5 Logos,Ethos,Pathos 210

11.6 Fallacies 214

11.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 217

Text A from Politics and the English Language 217

Text B from"Let's Go to the Tape" 218

Text C Have the Guts To Accept Gay Soldiers 220

Text D Declaration of Independence 223

Chapter 12 The Patterns in Their Natural Habitat 231

Text A Transfigurations 232

Text B Yes 236

Text C A Well-Regulated Militia 243

Text D Salvation 250

Text E I Have a Dream 254

Text F Reading the River 260

Appendix Finding Evidence and Documenting Sources 265

References 281