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Chapter 1 ECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 1
Chapter 2 ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS 6
Tolerance Range 6
When Conditions Change 7
Limiting Factors and the Environmental Complex 10
Energy Balance 11
Animal Behavior 17
Proximate and Ultimate Factors 18
Habitat Sylection 19
Important Abiotic Factors 22
Ecological Indicators 44
Dispersal and Range Expansion 45
Chapter 3 POPULATION ECOLOGY 51
Birth and Death 51
Population Growth 55
Population Density and Population Regulation 65
Organization in Populations 77
Evolution 84
Predator-Prey Relations 90
Health and Disease 100
Interspecific Competition 103
Extinction 115
Chapter 4 COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:INTERACTIONS AND ORGAI-ZATION 120
Types of Interactions 120
Energy in Ecosystems 122
Biogeochemistry 138
Organization of Communities and Ecosystems Ecological Diversity 149
Ecological Diversity 164
Chapter 5 COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:COMMUNITY CHANGE AND THE THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE 175
Community Change 175
Landscape and the Biome System 198
Aquatic Ecosystems 220
Paleoecology and History of the Biomes 234
Chapter 6 THE PRACTICAL ECOLOGIST 247
Pollution 247
Food Production and Organic Farming 263
Energy 266
Population 269
Natural Areas and Their Preservation 273
Land Use 277
Spaceship Earth 280
Glossary 283
Index 289