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clinical unipolar electrocardiography
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  • 出版年份:2222
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1.Introduction 13

History 13

Electrical Activity of the Heart 14

The Electrocardiogram 16

Unipolar Technique 21

Unipolar Terminology 26

2.Physiologic Principles 31

Experimental Data 31

Depolarization 38

Repolarization 44

The Five Basic Unipolar Ventricular Patterns 48

3.Electrical Position of the Heart 59

The Common Clinical Electrocardiographic Positions 59

Relationship of Unipolar to Standard Limb Leads 66

4.Ventricular Enlargement 71

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy 71

Diagnostic Electrocardiographic Signs 72

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy 78

Diagnostic Electrocardiographic Signs 80

5.Bundle Branch Block 89

General Considerations 89

Right Bundle Branch Block 92

Characteristic Unipolar Lead Changes 93

Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block 96

Significance of Right Bundle Branch Block 97

Left Bundle Branch Block 98

Characteristic Unipolar Lead Changes 98

Incomplete Left Bundle Branch Block 102

Significance of Left Bundle Branch Block 102

Ventricular Hypertrophy and Bundle Branch Block 102

Arborization Block 104

Aberrant Atrioventricular Conduction(Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome) 106

6.Myocardial Infarction 108

Ischemia,Injury and Infarction Patterns 109

Interpretation of Infarction Pattern 114

Interpretation of Injury Pattern 115

Current of Injury Theory 115

Blocking of Depolarization Theory 121

Evolution of Myocardial Infarction 122

Localization of Infarction 124

Infarction Pattern in Extremity Leads 127

Acute Infarct Superimposed on Old Infarct 128

Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Bundle Branch Block 129

With Right Bundle Branch Block 129

With Left Bundle Branch Block 131

7.Abnormal Electrocardiographic Pattern 135

Ventricular Aneurysm 135

Myocarditis 136

Pericarditis 136

Pulmonary Embolism—Acute Cor Pulmonale 137

Digitalis Effect 139

Quinidine Effect 140

Potassium and Calcium Effect 140

Juvenile Precordial Lead Pattern 142

The Two Step(Master)Exercise Test 144

Hyperventilation Syndrome 146

8.Congenital Heart Disease 147

9.General Comments on Interpretation 150

The P Wave 150

The QRS Complex 150

The S-T Segment and the T Wave 151

Unipolar Esophageal Leads 152

Summary 154

10.Cardiac Arrhythmias 155

Normal Sinus Rhythm 156

Sinus Tachycardia 156

Sinus Bradycardia 157

Sinus Arrhythmia 157

Sinus Arrest and Sinoauricular Block 157

Auricular Premature Contraction 159

Nodal Premature Contraction 161

Ventricular Premature Contraction 161

Paroxysmal Auricular Tachycardia 163

Auricular Flutter 164

Auricular Fibrillation 165

Nodal Tachycardia 165

Ventricular Tachycardia 166

Ventricular Flutter and Fibrillation 167

Auriculoventricular Block 168

Auriculoventricular Dissociation 170

Illustrative Unipolar Electrocardiograms 171

Illustrative Electrocardiograms of the Arrhythmias 239

Bibliography 289

Index 301

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