电路分析 英文影印版

PART Ⅰ Foundation DC Concepts 1

1 Introduction 2

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 The SI System of Units 7

1.3 Converting Units 9

1.4 Power of Ten Notation 10

1.5 Prefixes 13

1.6 Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy 14

1.7 Circuit Diagrams 16

1.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 18

Problems 21

2 Voltage and Current 28

2.1 Atomic Theory Review 30

2.2 The Unit of Electrical Charge:The Coulomb 35

2.3 Voltage 36

2.4 Current 38

2.5 Practical DC Voltage Sources 41

2.6 Measuring Voltage and Current 46

2.7 Switches,Fuses,and Circuit Breakers 51

Problems 52

3 Resistance 58

3.1 Resistance of Conductors 60

3.2 Electrical Wire Tables 62

3.3 Resistance of Wires—Circular Mils 65

3.4 Temperature Effects 69

3.5 Types of Resistors 72

3.6 Color Coding of Resistors 76

3.7 Measuring Resistance—The Ohmmeter 78

3.8 Thermistors 81

3.9 Photoconductive Cells 82

3.10 Nonlinear Resistance 83

3.11 Conductance 85

3.12 Superconductors 86

Problems 88

4 Ohm's Law,Power,and Energy 94

4.1 Ohm's Law 96

4.2 Voltage Polarity and Current Direction 101

4.3 Power 104

4.4 Power Direction Convention 107

4.5 Energy 109

4.6 Efficiency 111

4.7 Nonlinear and Dynamic Resistances 114

4.8 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis 115

Problems 120

PART Ⅱ Basic DC Analysis 127

5 Series Circuits 128

5.1 Series Circuits 130

5.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 132

5.3 Resistors in Series 134

5.4 Voltage Sources in Series 137

5.5 Interchanging Series Components 138

5.6 The Voltage Divider Rule 139

5.7 Circuit Ground 142

5.8 Voltage Subscripts 143

5.9 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources 149

5.10 Voltmeter Design 150

5.11 Ohmmeter Design 155

5.12 Ammeter Loading Effects 158

5.13 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 160

Problems 164

6 Parallel Circuits 176

6.1 Parallel Circuits 178

6.2 Kirchhoff's Current Law 179

6.3 Resistors in Parallel 183

6.4 Voltage Sources in Parallel 189

6.5 Current Divider Rule 190

6.6 Analysis of Parallel Circuits 195

6.7 Ammeter Design 198

6.8 Voltmeter Loading Effects 200

6.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 203

Problems 207

7 Series-Parallel Circuits 220

7.1 The Series-Parallel Network 222

7.2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits 223

7.3 Applications of Series-Parallel Circuits 231

7.4 Potentiometers 239

7.5 Loading Effects of Instruments 241

7.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 247

Problems 254

8 Methods of Analysis 264

8.1 Constant-Current Sources 266

8.2 Source Conversions 268

8.3 Current Sources in Parallel and Series 272

8.4 Branch-Current Analysis 275

8.5 Mesh(Loop)Analysis 280

8.6 Nodal Analysis 288

8.7 Delta-Wye(Pi-Tee)Conversion 296

8.8 Bridge Networks 303

8.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 312

Problems 315

9 Network Theorems 326

9.1 Superposition Theorem 328

9.2 Thévenin's Theorem 332

9.3 Norton's Theorem 341

9.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 352

9.5 Substitution Theorem 357

9.6 Millman's Theorem 359

9.7 Reciprocity Theorem 361

9.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 364

Problems 371

PART Ⅲ Capacitance and Inductance 383

10 Capacitors and Capacitance 384

10.1 Capacitance 386

10.2 Factors Affecting Capacitance 387

10.3 Electric Fields 390

10.4 Dielectrics 393

10.5 Nonideal Effects 394

10.6 Types of Capacitors 395

10.7 Capacitors in Parallel and Series 400

10.8 Capacitor Current and Voltage 404

10.9 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 407

10.10 Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting 408

Problems 409

11 Capacitor Charging,Discharging,and Simple Waveshaping Circuits 416

11.1 Introduction 418

11.2 Capacitor Charging Equations 422

11.3 Capacitor with an Initial Voltage 427

11.4 Capacitor Discharging Equations 429

11.5 More Complex Circuits 430

11.6 An RC Timing Application 438

11.7 Pulse Response of RC Circuits 440

11.8 Transient Analysis Using Computers 444

Problems 451

12 Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits 460

12.1 The Nature of a Magnetic Field 462

12.2 Electromagnetism 464

12.3 Flux and Flux Density 465

12.4 Magnetic Circuits 467

12.5 Air Gaps,Fringing,and Laminated Cores 468

12.6 Series Elements and Parallel Elements 469

12.7 Magnetic Circuits with DC Excitation 470

12.8 Magnetic Field Intensity and Magnetization Curves 471

12.9 Ampere's Circuital Law 474

12.10 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given Ф,Find NI 475

12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits 480

12.12 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given NI,Find Ф 482

12.13 Force Due to an Electromagnet 484

12.14 Properties of Magnetic Materials 485

12.15 Measuring Magnetic Fields 487

Problems 487

13 Inductance and Inductors 492

13.1 Electromagnetic Induction 494

13.2 Induced Voltage and Induction 496

13.3 Self-Inductance 499

13.4 Computing Induced Voltage 501

13.5 Inductances in Series and Parallel 503

13.6 Practical Considerations 504

13.7 Inductance and Steady State DC 507

13.8 Energy Stored by an Inductance 509

13.9 Inductor Troubleshooting Hints 510

Problems 511

14 Inductive Transients 518

14.1 Introduction 520

14.2 Current Buildup Transients 523

14.3 Interrupting Current in an Inductive Circuit 527

14.4 De-energizing Transients 529

14.5 More Complex Circuits 531

14.6 RL Transients Using Computers 537

Problems 542

PART Ⅳ Foundation AC Concepts 547

15 AC Fundamentals 548

15.1 Introduction 550

15.2 Generating AC Voltages 551

15.3 Voltage and Current Conventions for AC 554

15.4 Frequency,Period,Amplitude,and Peak Value 557

15.5 Angular and Graphic Relationships for Sine Waves 561

15.6 Voltage and Currents as Functions of Time 565

15.7 Introduction to Phasors 570

15.8 AC Waveforms and Average Value 579

15.9 Effective Values 585

15.10 Rate of Change of a Sine Wave(Derivative) 590

15.11 AC Voltage and Current Measurement 590

15.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 592

Problems 595

16 R,L,and C Elements and the Impedance Concept 604

16.1 Complex Number Review 606

16.2 Complex Numbers inAC Analysis 611

16.4 Resistance and Sinusoidal AC 617

16.3 R,L,and C Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation 617

16.5 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC 619

16.6 Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC 623

16.7 The Impedance Concept 627

16.8 Computer Analysis of AC Circuits 630

Problems 634

17 Power in AC Circuits 640

17.1 Introduction 642

17.2 Power to a Resistive Load 643

17.3 Power to an Inductive Load 644

17.4 Power to a Capacitive Load 646

17.5 Power in More Complex Circuits 648

17.6 Apparent Power 650

17.7 The Relationship Between P,Q,and S 651

17.8 Power Factor 655

17.9 AC Power Measurement 659

17.10 Effective Resistance 662

17.11 Energy Relationships for AC 663

17.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 664

Problems 665

Problems 671

PART Ⅴ Impedance Networks 671

18 AC Series-Parallel Circuits 672

18.1 Ohm's Law for AC Circuits 674

18.2 AC Series Circuits 681

18.3 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and the Voltage Divider Rule 689

18.4 AC Parallel Circuits 693

18.5 Kirchhoff's Current Law and the Current Divider Rule 698

18.6 Series-Parallel Circuits 701

18.7 Frequency Effects 704

18.8 Applications 710

18.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 714

Problems 720

19 Methods of AC Analysis 736

19.1 Dependent Sources 738

19.2 Source Conversion 739

19.3 Mesh(Loop)Analysis 744

10.4 Nodal Analysis 751

19.5 Delta-to-Wye and Wye-to-Delta Conversions 758

19.6 Bridge Networks 762

19.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 768

Problems 771

20 AC Network Theorems 782

20.1 Superposition Theorem—Independent Sources 784

20.2 Superposition Theorem—Dependent Sources 789

20.3 Thévenin's Theorem—Independent Sources 791

20.4 Norton's Theorem—Independent Sources 797

20.5 Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems for Dependent Sources 803

20.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 813

20.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 818

Problems 824

21 Resonance 834

21.1 Series Resonance 836

21.2 Quality Factor,Q 838

21.3 Impedance of a Series Resonant Circuit 841

21.4 Power,Bandwidth,and Selectivity of a Series Resonant Circuit 842

21.5 Series-to-Parallel RL and RC Conversion 851

21.6 Parallel Resonance 857

21.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 867

Problems 871

22 Filters and the Bode Plot 882

22.1 The Decibel 884

22.2 Multistage Systems 890

22.3 Simple RC and RL Transfer Functions 893

22.4 The Low-Pass Filter 902

22.5 The High-Pass Filter 909

22.6 The Band-Pass Filter 914

22.7 The Band-Reject Filter 918

22.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 920

Problems 924

23 Three-Phase Systems 934

23.1 Three-Phase Voltage Generation 936

23.2 Basic Three-Phase Circuit Connections 937

23.3 Basic Three-Phase Relationships 940

23.4 Examples 948

23.5 Power in a Balanced System 954

23.6 Measuring Power in Three-Phase Circuits 960

23.7 Unbalanced Loads 963

23.8 Power System Loads 967

23.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 967

24 Transformers and Coupled Circuits 978

24.1 Introduction 980

24.2 Iron-Core Transformers:The Ideal Model 983

24.3 Reflected Impedance 992

24.4 Transformer Ratings 994

24.5 Transformer Applications 994

24.6 Practical Iron-Core Transformers 1002

24.7 Transformer Tests 1007

24.8 Voltage and Frequency Effects 1009

24.9 Loosely Coupled Circuits 1010

24.10 Magnetically Coupled Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation 1015

24.11 Coupled Impedance 1017

24.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 1019

Problems 1023

25 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 1030

25.1 Composite Waveforms 1032

25.2 Fourier Series 1034

25.3 Fourier Series of Common Waveforms 1039

25.4 Frequency Spectrum 1046

25.5 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Waveform 1052

25.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 1056

Problems 1059

APPENDIX A OrCAD-PSpice A/D 1067

APPENDIX B Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations 1076

APPENDIX C Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 1083

APPENDIX D Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 1086

Glossary 1099

Index 1104