语料库、检索与搭配

Introduction 1

1 Corpus creationIntroduction 13

Who should design a corpus? 13

A general corpus 13

Outline of corpus creation 14

Electronic form 14

Design 15

Spoken and written language 15

ContentsThe author and series editors 15

Permissions 15

Quasi-speech 16

Formal and literary language 16

Foreword 17

Typicality 17

Design criteria 17

Period 18

Overall size 18

Whole documents 19

Sample size 19

Minimal criteria 20

Provisional corpus 20

Processing 20

Clean-text policy 21

Basic provision 22

Database 22

Maintenance 22

Sample corpora 23

Different kinds of corpora 23

Monitor corpora 24

Features of a monitor corpus 25

2 Basic text processingIntroduction 27

Input 28

Words and word-forms 28

Text and vocabulary 29

Frequency list—first occurrence 30

Frequency list—alphabetical 31

Frequency list—frequency order 31

KWIC(Key Word in Context) 32

Word frequency profiles 32

Concordances 32

Longer environments 33

Ordering within concordances 33

Concordance processing 34

Text analysis statistics 34

Selective information 35

Intermediate categories 35

New approaches 36

Existing descriptions 37

3 The evidence of usageIntroduction 37

Native-speaker introspections 39

Language in use 39

Word-forms and lemmas 41

Concordances 42

Concordance evidence:an example 44

Sense 1:to refuse 47

Other senses 49

Evidence:main senses 53

4 Sense and structure in lexisIntroduction 53

Evidence:minor senses 55

Counter-examples:general 56

Counter-examples:first sense 57

Yield with an object 58

Yielding with an object 59

Yielded with an object 60

Descriptive and prescriptive study 60

Yield as transitive verb 61

Counter-examples:second and third senses 61

Doubtful cases 62

First minor sense 63

Conclusion 65

5 Words and phrasesIntroduction 67

Phrasal verbs 67

Some numerical facts 68

Combinations of set+particle 69

The combination set in 70

Sense (ⅰ) 72

Sense(ⅱ) 72

Verbs 72

Nouns 72

Minor senses 73

Sundry idioms 73

Setin as a phrasal verb 73

Word-forms 74

Subjects 74

A dictionary entry 75

Other phrasal verbs with set 75

Conclusion 78

6 The meeting of lexis and grammarIntroduction 81

What is said about of 81

A corpus view of of 82

Frequency 84

Of outside nominal groups 85

Of in nominal groups 85

Conventional measures 85

Less conventional measures 86

The status of headword 86

Focus on a part 87

Focus nouns 87

Focus on a component,aspect,or attribute 88

Focus on a specialized part 88

Support 89

Metaphor 90

Double-headed nominal groups 90

Titles 90

Nominalizations 91

Modification of first noun(N1) 93

Fixed phrases 94

Miscellaneous 94

Superlative adjectives 94

Mopping up 94

Evaluation 95

Analysis of examples in Table 1 96

Non-nominalinstances of of 96

Nominal group 96

Conclusion 98

7 Evaluating instancesIntroduction 99

Throw away your evidence 99

Text and language 102

Meaning and structure 104

Procedure 105

Findings 107

Conclusion 108

8 CollocationIntroduction 109

Two models of interpretation 109

The open-choice principle 109

The idiom principle 110

Evidence from long texts 112

Collocation 115

Collocation of back 116

Analysis of the collocational pattern of back 117

Upward collocates:back 117

Downward collocates:back 118

Conclusion 121

9 Words about wordsIntroduction 123

Structure 124

About the word itself 126

What people mean 126

Variation in co-text 126

Structure:verb explanations 127

Animate subjects 127

Inanimate subjects 129

Mixed subjects 130

Operators 130

Summary 132

Analysis of the second part 132

First chunk 132

Discussion 134

Second chunk 134

Applications 135

Inferences and implications 135

Conclusion 136

Summing up 137

Appendix Ⅰ 139

Appendix Ⅱ 150

Appendix Ⅲ 154

Bibliography 165

Glossary 169

Index 177