材料的高温变形与断裂 英文版

Part Ⅰ High Temperature Deformation 3

1 Creep Behavior of Materials 3

1.1 Creep Curve 3

1.2 Stress and Temperature Dependence of Creep Rate 4

1.3 Stacking Fault Energy Effect 9

1.4 Grain Size Effect 10

References 12

2 Evolution of Dislocation Substructures During Creep 14

2.1 Parameters of Dislocation Substructures and Their Measurements 14

2.2 Evolution of Dislocation Substructure during Creep 16

2.3 Dislocation Substructure of Steady State Creep 19

2.4 Inhomogeneous Dislocation Substructure and Long-Range Internal Stress 22

References 26

3 Dislocation Motion at Elevated Temperatures 28

3.1 Thermally Activated Glide of Dislocation 28

3.2 Measurement of Internal Stress 31

3.3 Climb of Dislocations 33

3.4 Basic Equations of Recovery Creep 36

3.5 Mechanisms of Recovery 37

References 38

4 Recovery-Creep Theories of Pure Metals 40

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Weertman Model 41

4.3 Models Considering Sub-Boundary 42

4.4 Models Based on Dislocation Network 47

4.5 Creep Model Based on the Motion of Jogged Screw Dislocation 50

4.6 Summary of Recovery Creep Models 52

4.7 Soft and Hard Region Composite Model 53

4.8 Harper-Dorn Creep 58

References 66

5 Creep of Solid Solution Alloys 69

5.1 Interaction Between Dislocation and Solute Atom 69

5.2 Creep Behavior of Solid Solution Alloys 72

5.3 Viscous Glide Velocity of Dislocations 76

5.4 Creep Controlled by Viscous Glide of Dislocations 78

References 81

6 Creep of Second Phase Particles Strengthened Materials 83

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Arzt-Ashby Model 85

6.3 Creep Model Based on Attractive Particle-Dislocation Interaction 88

6.4 Interaction of Dislocation with Localized Particles 91

6.5 Mechanisms of Particle Strengthening 93

6.6 Grain Boundary Precipitation Strengthening 96

References 100

7 Creep of Particulates Reinforced Composite Material 102

7.1 Creep Behavior of Particulates Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites 102

7.2 Determination of Threshold Stress 104

7.3 Creep Mechanisms and Role of Reinforcement Phase 105

References 110

8 High Temperature Deformation of Intermetallic Compounds 111

8.1 Crystal Structures,Dislocations and Planar Defects 111

8.2 Dislocation Core Structure 115

8.3 Slip Systems and Flow Stresses of Intermetallic Compounds 120

8.4 Creep of Intermetallic Compounds 126

8.5 Creep of Compound-Based ODS Alloys 133

References 136

9 Diffusional Creep 139

9.1 Theory on Diffusional Creep 139

9.2 Accommodation of Diffusional Creep:Grain Boundary Sliding 142

9.3 Diffusional Creep Controlled by Boundary Reaction 144

9.4 Experimental Evidences of Diffusional Creep 149

References 151

10 Superplasticity 154

10.1 Stability of Deformation 154

10.2 General Characteristics of Superplasticity 155

10.3 Microstructure Characteristics of Superplasticity 158

10.4 Grain Boundary Behaviors in Superplastic Deformation 160

10.5 Mechanism of Superplastic Deformation 161

10.6 The maximum Strain Rate for Superplasticity 167

References 170

11 Mechanisms of Grain Boundary Sliding 172

11.1 Introduction 172

11.2 Intrinsic Grain Boundary Sliding 172

11.3 Extrinsic Grain Boundary Sliding 174

References 180

12 Multiaxial Creep Models 182

12.1 Uniaxial Creep Models 182

12.2 Mutiaxial Creep Models 183

12.3 Mutiaxial Steady State Creep Model 185

12.4 Stress Relaxation by Creep 186

References 187

Part Ⅱ High Temperature Fracture 191

13 Nucleation of Creep Cavity 191

13.1 Introduction 191

13.2 Nucleation Sites of Cavity 192

13.3 Theory of Cavity Nucleation 195

13.4 Cavity Nucleation Rate 196

References 197

14 Creep Embrittlement by Segregation of Impurities 199

14.1 Nickel and Nickel-Base Superalloys 199

14.2 Low-Alloy Steels 202

References 205

15 Diffusional Growth of Creep Cavities 206

15.1 Chemical Potential of Vacancies 206

15.2 Hull-Rimmer Model for Cavity Growth 207

15.3 Speight-Harris Model for Cavity Growth 211

15.4 The role of Surface Diffusion 213

References 215

16 Cavity Growth by Coupled Diffusion and Creep 217

16.1 Monkman-Grant Relation 217

16.2 Beer-Speight Model 218

16.3 Edward-Ashby Model 221

16.4 Chen-Argon model 222

16.5 Cocks-Ashby Model 225

References 228

17 Constrained Growth of Creep Cavities 230

17.1 Introduction 230

17.2 Rice Model 230

17.3 Raj-Ghosh Model 233

17.4 Cocks-Ashby Model 235

References 238

18 Nucleation and Growth of Wedge-Type Microcracks 239

18.1 Introduction 239

18.2 Nucleation of Wedge-Type Cracks 240

18.3 The Propagation of Wedge-Type Cracks 242

18.4 Crack Growth by Cavitation 244

References 246

19 Creep Crack Growth 247

19.1 Crack-Tip Stress Fields in Elastoplastic Body 247

19.2 Stress Field at Steady-State-Creep Crack Tip 251

19.3 The Crack Tip Stress Fields in Transition Period 255

19.4 Vitek Model for Creep Crack Tip Fields 259

19.5 The Influence of Creep Threshold Stress 262

19.6 The Experimental Results for Creep Crack Growth 264

References 272

20 Creep Damage Mechanics 274

20.1 Introduction to the Damage Mechanics 274

20.2 Damage Variable and Effective Stress 275

20.3 Kachanov Creep Damage Theory 277

20.4 Rabotnov Creep Damage Theory 279

20.5 Three-Dimensional Creep Damage Theory 281

References 283

21 Creep Damage Physics 285

21.1 Introduction 285

21.2 Loss of External Section 286

21.3 Loss of Internal Section 287

21.4 Degradation of Microstructure 289

21.5 Damage by Oxidation 295

References 296

22 Prediction of Creep Rupture Life 297

22.1 Extrapolation Methods of Creep Rupture Life 297

22.2 θ Projection Method 300

22.3 Maruyama Parameter 302

22.4 Reliability of Prediction for Creep Rupture Property 304

References 306

23 Creep-Fatigue Interaction 307

23.1 Creep Fatigue Waveforms 307

23.2 Creep-Fatigue Failure Maps 307

23.3 Holding Time Effects on Creep-Fatigue Lifetime 310

23.4 Fracture Mechanics of Creep Fatigue Crack Growth 312

References 317

24 Prediction of Creep-Fatigue Life 319

24.1 Linear Damage Accumulation Rule 319

24.2 Strain Range Partitioning 321

24.3 Damage Mechanics Method 324

24.4 Damage Function Method 326

24.5 Empirical Methods 328

References 329

25 Environmental Damage at High Temperature 330

25.1 Oxidation 330

25.2 Hot Corrosion 338

25.3 Carburization 342

References 347

Appendix A 349

Appendix B 357

Index 359