国际环境法

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Environment-Concept and Issues 1

1.2 Environmental Challenges and Responses 13

1.3 Environment and International Legal Order 14

1.4 China＆International Environmental Law in General 18

1.5Conclusion 19

2 Origin and Evolution of International Environmental Law 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Before the 1972 Stockholm Conference 22

2.3 From Stockholm to Rio：1972—1992 25

2.4 From Rio to Rio+20 29

2.5 Conclusion 34

3 Institutions and Governance 36

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 States 37

3.3 International Institutions 39

3.4 Non-State Actors 46

3.5 Conclusion 49

4 General Principles and Rules 50

4.1 Introduction 50

4.2 Sovereignty over Natural Resources and the Responsibility Not to Cause Damage to the Environment of other States or to Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 51

4.3 Principle of Preventive Action 52

4.4 Precautionary Principle 54

4.5 Polluter pays Principle 56

4.6 Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 57

4.7 International Cooperation 60

4.8 Sustainable Development 61

4.9 Conclusion 63

5 Implementation of the General Principles and Rules 64

5.1 Introduction 64

5.2 Regulatory Measures 65

5.3 Economic Instruments 71

5.4 Integrated Environmental Management 73

5.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Assessment 74

5.6 Environmental Information 77

5.7 Conclusion 83

6 Compliance：Enforcement and Conflict Resolution 84

6.1 Introduction 84

6.2 National Compliance of International Environmental Law 85

6.3 International Compliance Mechanisms 87

6.4 International Environmental Conflict Resolution 95

6.5 Conclusion 96

7 Atmosphere 97

7.1 Introduction 97

7.2 Transboundary Air Pollution 106

7.3 Ozone Depletion 112

7.4 Climate Change 115

7.5 Outer Space 117

7.6 China and Atmosphere 120

7.7 Conclusion 123

8 Oceans and Seas 126

8.1 Introduction 126

8.2 Combating Different Sources of Marine Pollution 133

8.3 Regional Seas Programmes 141

8.4 China and Oceans and Seas 142

8.5 Conclusion 147

9 Freshwater Resources 149

9.1 Introduction 149

9.2 Global Responses 152

9.3 Regional Responses 156

9.4 China and Freshwater Resources 158

9.5 Conclusion 159

10 Biological Diversity 161

10.1 Introduction 161

10.2 International Legal Responses 165

10.3 Biotechnology＆Biosafety 168

10.4 Access and Benefit Sharing 169

10.5 Conservation of Marine Living Resources and Marine Biodiversity 172

10.6 China and Biological Diversity 174

10.7 Conclusion 180

11 Land Resources 181

11.1 Introduction 181

11.2 International Legal and Policy Responses 184

11.3 Combating Desertification 187

11.4 Wetlands 188

11.5 World Heritages 191

11.6 Polar Regions 194

11.7 China and Land Resources 200

11.8 Conclusion 206

12 Hazardous Substances and Activities 208

12.1 Introduction 208

12.2 Chemicals,Pesticides and other Dangerous Substances 213

12.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants 216

12.4 Hazardous Wastes 218

12.5 Mercury 224

12.6 Radioactive Substances＆Activities 224

12.7 Accident Prevention,Preparedness and Response 230

12.8 China and Hazardous Substances and Activities 231

12.9 Conclusion 233

13 Economic Activities and Environment 235

13.1 Introduction 235

13.2 Poverty Eradication and Environment 236

13.3 International Trade and Environment 244

13.4 Green Economy 252

13.5 Chinese Perspectives 253

13.6 Conclusion 255

14 Human Rights and Environment 256

14.1 Introduction 256

14.2 The Linkage between Human Rights and Environment：Global Approaches and Efforts 258

14.3 Regional and National Approaches and Efforts 263

14.4 China：Human Rights and Environment 271

14.5 Conclusion 273

15 Armed Conflict＆Environment 274

15.1 Introduction 274

15.2 International Humanitarian Law 276

15.3 International Criminal Law 281

15.4 Human Rights Law 282

15.5 International Environmental Law 285

15.6 Conclusion 288

Select Bibliography 289

Abbreviations and Acronyms 297

About the Author 302

Acknowledgements 303