高级英语写作教程 下

Part One　How to Write Descriptive Paragraphs1．About an Object 1

2．About a Person 6

3．About a Place 15

Part Two　Elements of Writing Essays 22

1．Emotion 22

2．Timeliness 27

3．Thesis Statement 31

3.1　What Is a Thesis Statement? 31

3.2　Why Should Your Essay Contain a Thesis Statement? 32

3.3　How Can You Write Good Thesis Statement? 32

3.4　How to Tell a Strong Thesis Sentence from a Weak One 35

Part Three　Comparison and Contrast Writing1．Elements of Comparison and Contrast 42

1.1　Frame of Reference 42

1.2　Grounds for Comparison 43

1.3　Thesis 43

1.4　Organizational Scheme 44

1.5　Linking of A and B 45

2．Keeping Balance 48

3．Drawing an Analogy 53

Part Four　How To Write Argument 56

1．Appreciation Your Opposition 56

2．Argumentative Essays Exist Everywhere 58

3．The Context Argument 58

4．My Proposition 59

5．Expanding Arguments 60

6．Tradition and Innovation for Writing 61

7．Three Argumentative Appeals 64

7.1　Reason 65

7.2　Ethics 66

7.3　Emotion 67

8．Consensus Argument 69

Part Five　Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 69

1．Deductive Reasoning 71

1.1　Categorical Argument 71

1.2　The Conditional Argument 72

2．Inductive Reasoning 75

2.1　Steps in Inductive Reasoning 75

2.2　Guidelines for Inductive Reasoning 76

2.3　Generalizing from Data 78

2.4　Elements of Induction 80

Part Six　How to Write Research Paper 80

1．The Nature of Research 82

2．Collecting Information 84

2.1　Resources of the Library 85

2.2　Surfing the Net 87

2.3　Primary and Secondary Sources 88

2.4　Covering All Standard Sources 90

3．Techniques for Preparing Paper 91

3.1　Following a Curiosity Trail 91

3.2　Note-taking 93

3.3　Deciding and Limiting an Appropriate Topic 96

4．If the Topic Is Researchable 98

5．The distinctive feature of the research paper assignment 99

Part Seven　How to Format Documenting Sources1．Using explanatory notes 112

2．In-text citations 113

3．A sample list 118

Part Eight　How to Write Logical Argument1．Persuasion and argument 122

2．Induction 123

3．Deduction 124

4．Arguing from authority,testimony 125

5．Building a good argument 126

6　Avoiding fallacies 128

Part Nine　How to Write an Abstract 130

1．What Is an Abstract? 130

2．Guidelines for Writing an Abstract 131

3．Structure of an Abstract 132

4．The Style of an Abstract 133

5．Key Words 135

Part Ten　How to Use Quotation and documenting1．Locating the Sources 136

2．Introducing a Quotation 137

3．When to Use Quotation Marks;When to Document 138

4．Format and Punctuation for Quotations 139

4.1　Formatting Quotations 139

4.2　Punctuating with Quotation Marks 142

Part Eleven　How to Complete the Final Paper1．Doing Research 145

1.1　Daily Grind 145

1.2　Motivation for Your Paper 148

1.3　Coming to Your Thesis 150

1.4　Getting Feedback 160

1.5　Getting Financial Support 163

2．Becoming Part of the Research Community 165

2.1　Attending Conferences 165

2.2　Publishing Papers 166

Part Twelve　Writing About Literature 166

1．The Elements of Literature 171

1.1　Plot 172

1.2　Narrator and point of view 174

1.3　Characterization 177

1.4　Setting 178

1.5　Symbols 181

1.6　Language and style 182

1.7　Theme 187

1.8　Some literary devices and terms 189

2．Literal Versus Analytical Reading 193

2.1　Denotation versus connotation 193

2.2　Paraphrase and summary versus analysis 195

2.3　Context and analysis 197

2.4　Symbolism and analysis 200

2.5　Imagery and analysis 203

2.6　Structure and totality of a work 207

3．Writing a Literary Interpretation 210

3.1　Theme idea 211

3.2　Examples of defining theme idea 214

3.3　Solidity of content 216

3.4　Poor mixture of summary and analysis 221

3.5　The scissors and paste approach 224

3.6　Identification of a pattern in a text 225

3.7　Five basic steps 238

3.8　A practical demonstration 240

4．Student Practice Papers 258

Part Thirteen　Punctuation and Mechanics 258

1．Comma[,] 265

2．Colon[:]and Semicolon[;] 270

3．Period[.],Question Mark[?],and Exclamation Point[!] 275

4．Quotation Marks[" "] 278

5．Dash,Parentheses,and Brackets 281

6．Parentheses( ) 283

7．Brackets[ ] 284

8．Slash,Hyphen,Apostrophe,and Ellipsis 284

9．Hyphen[-] 285

10．Apostrophe['] 286

11．Ellipsis[...] 287

12．To indicate pause or hesitation 288

13．Capital Letters 288

14．Official and Personal Titles 292

15．Titles and Subtitles of Works 292

16．Words denoting family relationships 292

17．Words denoting seasons are not capitalized 293

18．Italics and Underlines 294

19．Abbreviations and Acronyms 296

20．Latin Abbreviations 297

21．Abbreviations for Place Names 298

22．Other Abbreviations 298

23．Numbers 298