- 作 者：
- 出 版 社：INC.
- 出版年份：1985
- ISBN：
- 标注页数：449 页
- PDF页数：459 页
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Part1 Foundations 3
1 The Scientific Approach in Education 3
Sources of Knowledge 3
The Nature of Science 13
The Nature of Research 21
Research Methodologies in Education 26
The Language of Research 27
Summary 32
Exercises 32
Part2 Research Background 39
2 The Research Problem 39
The Nature of Problems 40
The Sources of Problems 40
Evaluating the Problem 45
Stating the Problem 48
Identifying Population and Variables 50
Summary 53
Exercises 53
3 Related Literature 56
The Role of Related Literature in a Research Project 56
Reference Sources in Education 58
Organizing the Related Literature 71
Summary 72
Exercises 72
4 The Hypothesis 75
Suggestions for Deriving Hypotheses 77
Characteristics of the Usable Hypothesis 80
The Null Hypothesis 84
Testing the Hypothesis 85
The Research Plan 87
Summary 89
Exercises 90
Part3 Statistical Analysis 95
5 Descriptive Statistics 95
Scales of Measurement 95
Organizing Research Data 100
Measures of Central Tendency 101
Measures of Variability 109
Standard Scores 114
The Normal Curve 116
Correlation 118
Correlation Coefficients 121
Meta-analysis 131
Summary 133
Exercises 134
6 Sampling and Inferential Statistics 138
Sampling 138
The Strategy of Inferential Statistics 152
Level of Significance 154
The T-Test 155
Analysis of Variance 165
The Chi-Square Test of Significance 175
Summary 181
Exercises 182
Part4 Fundamentals of Measurement 189
7 Tools of Research 189
Measuring Instruments 189
Summary 210
Exercises 211
8 Validity and Reliability 213
Validity 213
Reliability 225
Summary 239
Exercises 240
Part5 Research Methods 247
9 Experimental Research in Education 247
Characteristics of Experimental Research 250
Experimental Comparison 259
Experimental Design 260
Summary 294
Exercises 294
10 Ex Post Facto Research 298
Ex Post Facto and Experimental Approaches Compared 298
Conditions Necessary for Inferring Causal Relationships 301
Partial Control in Ex Post Facto Research 306
Designing the Ex Post Facto Investigation 314
The Role of Ex Post Facto Research 316
Summary 318
Exercises 319
11 Descriptive and Historical Research 322
Descriptive Research 322
Historical Research 331
Summary 333
Exercises 334
12 Survey Research 337
Censuses and Sample Surveys 337
The Survey Technique 341
Data-Gathering Instruments 341
Validity 357
Reliability 357
Statistical Analysis in Surveys 357
Summary 361
Exercises 361
Part6 Communicating Research 367
13 Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals 367
Writing a Research Proposal 367
Critiquing the Proposal 380
The Importance of Completing the Proposal before Collecting Data 382
Ethical and Legal Considerations 382
Summary 386
Exercises 387
14 Analyzing，Interpreting，and Reporting Results 389
Analysis of Data 389
Principles of Interpretation 393
The Research Report 398
Common Errors in Research Reports 406
Summary 408
References 408
Exercises 409
Appendix 412
Index 435