- 作 者：
- 出 版 社：W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY
- 出版年份：1977
- ISBN：0716702851
- 标注页数：319 页
- PDF页数：343 页
请阅读订购服务说明与试读!
订购服务说明
1、本站所有的书默认都是PDF格式，该格式图书只能阅读和打印，不能再次编辑。
2、除分上下册或者多册的情况下，一般PDF页数一定要大于标注页数才建议下单购买。【本资源343 ≥319页】
图书下载及付费说明
1、所有的电子图书为PDF格式，支持电脑、手机、平板等各类电子设备阅读；可以任意拷贝文件到不同的阅读设备里进行阅读。
2、电子图书在提交订单后一般半小时内处理完成,最晚48小时内处理完成。(非工作日购买会延迟)
3、所有的电子图书都是原书直接扫描方式制作而成。
PART Ⅰ A REVIEW OF ESSENTIALS 1
CHAPTER 1 BASIC PHOTOGRAPHY 3
Black-and-White Films 3
Panchromatic Films 4
Orthochromatic Films 4
Non-Color-Sensitive Films 4
The Basis of Correct Exposure 4
Film Speed 4
Functions of Diaphragm and Shutter 5
Selection of Camera Settings 6
The Reciprocity Law 6
The Inverse-Square Law 9
Exposure Determination 9
Light Metering 10
Flash Calculations 10
Black-and-White Film Development 12
Roll Films 12
Sheet Films 13
Time and Temperature 13
Agitation 14
Negative Quality 14
Black-and-White Printing 16
Variables in Printing 16
Control Methods in Printing 17
Points of Technique 22
Print Quality 22
Color Film Processing 24
CHAPTER 2 CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT 25
Cameras 25
Shutters 26
Small Cameras 27
Large Cameras 31
Camera Supports 34
PART Ⅱ GENERAL TECHNIQUES 37
CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUNDS 39
Plain White Backgrounds 39
Black Backgrounds 43
Plain Grey Backgrounds 44
Natural Backgrounds 46
CHAPTER 4 LIGHTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBJECTS 47
General Considerations 47
Techniques 52
Reflector-Diuser Lighting 52
Direct Lighting 54
Axial and Near-Axial Lighting 54
Transmitted Light 63
Dark-Field Lighting 63
CHAPTER 5 FILTERS IN BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY 69
Types of Filters 70
Color Filters 70
Polarizing Filters 73
Neutral-Density Filters 77
Filter Factors 79
CHAPTER 6 SMALL-OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY 81
Closeup Flash Photography 82
Magnification 82
Lens Aperture 83
Flash-to-Subject Distance 86
Synchronization 87
Color Correction 88
Summary of Procedure 88
Increasing the Magnification 89
Photomacrography 91
Obtaining Known Magnifications 93
Principal Plane of Focus 94
Preserving Magnification while Adjusting 95
Depth of Field 95
Working Distance 97
Perspective 97
Lighting 99
Calculation of Exposure 100
Flash Lighting 102
Control of Movement and Vibration 103
Indicators of Scale 103
CHAPTER 7 HIGH-RESOLUTION 35 mm PHOTOGRAPHY 105
Camera Equipment 106
Cameras 106
Lenses 106
Camera Handling 108
Motion Control 108
Exposure Accuracy 109
Films and Processing 109
Films 109
Processing 110
Printing 110
Enlargers and Lenses 110
Choice of Negative 111
The Negative Carrier 111
Focusing the Image 112
Vibration 112
CHAPTER 8 STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY 113
Basic Principles 114
Base Separation 114
Axis Alignment 115
Techniques 116
Casual Stereo 116
Normal Stereo 117
Closeup Stereo 117
Photomacrographic Stereo 117
Exaggerated Stereo 119
Viewing Methods 119
Optical Viewers 119
Tube Viewing 119
Direct Viewing 120
CHAPTER 9 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY 122
Compound Microscopes 123
Dissecting Microscopes 123
Student Microscopes 123
Research Microscopes 124
Photo Microscopes 124
Lenses 124
Objectives 125
Oculars 126
Illuminators 126
Cameras 128
Films 130
Panchromatic Films 130
Orthochromatic Films 130
High-Contrast Films 132
Color Films 132
Polaroid Land Films 132
Special-Purpose Films 134
Filters 134
Color Filters 136
Color-Conversion and Color-Correction Filters 136
Didymium Glass Filter 138
Neutral-Density Filters 138
Exposure Determination 140
Common Problems in Photomicrography 142
Photomicrography with Simple Equipment 145
Camera Lens On 145
Camera Lens Off 148
Kohler-System Photomicrography 148
Numerical Aperture and Film Size 150
Subsidiary Techniques 154
Dark-Field Lighting 154
Rheinberg Lighting 156
Deliberately Uneven Lighting 157
Polarization Technique 157
Stereo Photomicrography 158
Rolling Focus 158
Low-Power Photomicrography 160
CHAPTER 10 REPAIRING FAULTS IN NEGATIVES AND PRINTS 169
Types of Artifacts 170
Dust and Lint 170
Marks on Transparent Containers 170
Condensation on Glassware 171
Retouching，Spotting，and Treating Negatives and Prints 171
Enhancing Backgrounds 172
Removing Spots and Scratch Marks from Negatives and Prints 176
CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY 178
Films 178
Color Correction 178
Reciprocity Failure 179
Quality 179
Backgrounds 180
Colors Usable 180
Effects of Colored Backgrounds 180
Lighting 181
Filters 181
Color Temperature 181
Types of Filters 182
Filter Factors 183
PART Ⅲ SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 185
CHAPTER 12 GENERAL PROBLEMS 187
Control of Reflections 187
The Law of Reflection 187
Reflections on the Subject 188
Museum-Case Photography 189
Aquarium Photography 190
Motion Control 191
Camera Motion 191
Subject Motion 193
Spherical and Cylindrical Objects 193
Hairs and Hairlike Processes 194
Black Objects 196
Monochromatic Colors 198
CHAPTER 13 SPECIFIC SUBJECT MATTER 199
Laboratory Apparatus and Equipment 199
Metal Objects 199
Glass 202
Electronics 202
Art Objects and Anthropological Artifacts 204
Coins 204
Paintings and Other Flat Art 206
Points and Other Tools 206
Pottery and Other Dishware 208
Sculpture 208
Botanical Subjects 210
Potted Plants 210
Leaves and Plant Parts 211
Herbarium Sheets 213
Dish Cultures 213
Colony Cultures 214
Precipitation Bands 214
Plaques 216
Fossils 216
Stony Fossils 216
Amber Inclusions 220
Geological Specimens 220
Thin Sections 220
Crystals 221
Casts and Impressions 222
Casts 222
Impressions 223
Replicas 224
Insect Materials 224
Eggs 226
Larvae 228
Pupae 228
Beetles 229
Transparent-Winged Insects 232
Pinned Insects 232
Moths and Butterflies 234
Insect Galleries in Wood 234
Silk Deposits 237
Leaf and Needle Miners 237
Tiny Active Adults 237
Invisible Subjects 241
People 244
Portraits 244
People as Types，or at Work 247
Tubes 248
Tube Slants 248
Liquids in Tubes 251
Precipitation Bands 251
Objects in Tubes 251
Zoological Subjects 252
Anesthetized Specimens 252
Bird Skins 254
Bones and Teeth 254
Living Animals 256
Preserved Specimens 260
Visceral Preparations 260
PART Ⅳ RELATED TECHNIQUES 265
CHAPTER 14 COPYING 267
Copyright 267
Lighting 268
Line Copy 268
Continuous-Tone Copy 270
Copying in Color 270
Copying Color Transparencies to Black-and-White 271
Slide Duplication 273
Copying Tightly Bound Book Pages 273
CHAPTER 15 SLIDE MAKING 275
Standards for Slide Originals 275
Copying on Polaroid Land Slide Films 276
Copying on 35 mm Color Films 276
Copying for Slides with Black-and-White Negative Materials 277
Line Copy 277
Continuous-Tone Copy 278
Direct Positive Black-and-White Slides 278
Producing Line Slides in Color 279
Use of Color Originals 279
Negative Slides 279
Negative Prints，Copied 280
Double-Exposed Color/Black-and-White 280
CHAPTER 16 PRINTING OLD NEGATIVES 282
Background 282
Film Negatives 283
Glass Negatives 283
Conditions Affecting the Printability of Old Negatives 284
Printing Methods 286
PART Ⅴ FINAL PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION AND VIEWING 289
CHAPTER 17 PREPARING PHOTOGRAPHS FOR PUBLICATION 291
Publishers’Standards 291
Paper Surface and Type 292
To Mount，or Not 292
Adhesives for Print Mounting 292
Mounting of Prints for Plates 293
Conventional Black-and-White Prints 293
Conventional Color Prints 294
Resin-Coated Papers 294
Polaroid Land Prints 294
Layout of Multiple Plates 295
Labeling of Prints 295
Indicators of Scale 295
Lettering on Prints with Ink 296
Application of Printed Labels 296
Rub-on Lettering 296
Use of Overlays in Labeling Photographs 296
Protection of Plates after Make-up 297
Presentation of Color Transparencies to Publishers 297
Packaging for Presentation 297
Use of Drawings or Photo Copies in Layout and Labeling 297
Packing of Prints and Slides for Shipping 298
CHAPTER 18 MOUNTING PRINTS FOR WALL DISPLAY 299
Mounting Moderate-Sized Prints on Boards 299
Color of Mounting Board 300
Edging of Prints 300
Framing Moderate-Sized Prints 301
Frames 301
Matting Prints for Framing 301
Bleed Mounting 302
Group Mounts 302
Mounting Very Large Prints 302
BIBLIOGRAPHY 303
INDEX 309