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Ⅰ. THE TWO MORALITIES 3
The Moralities of Duty and of Aspiration 5
The Moral Scale 9
The Vocabulary of Morals and the Two Moralities 13
Marginal Utility and the Morality of Aspiration 15
Reciprocity and the Morality of Duty 19
Locating the Pointer on the Moral Scale 27
Rewards and Penalties 30
Ⅱ. THE MORALITY THAT MAKES LAW POSSIBLE 33
Eight Ways to Fail to Make Law 33
The Consequences of Failure 38
The Aspiration toward Perfection in Legality 41
Legality and Economic Calculation 44
The Generality of Law 46
Promulgation 49
Retroactive Laws 51
The Clarity of Laws 63
Contradictions in the Laws 65
Laws Requiring the Impossible 70
Constancy of the Law through Time 79
Congruence between Official Action and Declared Rule 81
Legality as a Practical Art 91
Ⅲ. THE CONCEPT OF LAW 95
Legal Morality and Natural Law 96
Legal Morality and the Concept of Positive Law 106
The Concept of Science 118
Objections to the View of Law Taken Here 122
Hart's The Concept of Law 133
Law as a Purposeful Enterprise and Law as a Manifested Fact of Social Power 145
Ⅳ. THE SUBSTANTIVE AIMS OF LAW 152
The Neutrality of the Law's Internal Morality toward Substantive Aims 153
Legality as a Condition of Efficacy 155
Legality and Justice 157
Legal Morality and Laws Aiming at Alleged Evils That Cannot Be Defined 159
The View of Man Implicit in Legal Morality 162
The Problem of the Limits of Effective Legal Action 168
Legal Morality and the Allocation of Economic Resources 170
Legal Morality and the Problem of Institutional Design 177
Institutional Design as a Problem of Economizing 178
The Problem of Defining the Moral Community 181
The Minimum Content of a Substantive Natural Law 184
Ⅴ. A REPLY TO CRITICS 187
The Structure of Analytical Legal Positivism 191
Is Some Minimum Respect for the Principles of Legality Essential to the Existence of a Legal System? 197
Do the Principles of Legality Constitute an "Internal Morality of Law"? 200
Some Implications of the Debate 224
APPENDIX: THE PROBLEM OF THE GRUDGE INFORMER 245
Index 255