中国窑洞

第一章 中国窑洞概论 3

一、中国窑洞产生的自然条件 3

（一）中国黄土的分布 3

1.1.1 Distribution of Chinese Loess Soil Areas 3

理论篇 3

Section 1.1 Natural Conditions for Originating of Yao-dongs 3

Chapter 1 Introduction to Yao-dong(Chinese cave dwelling) 3

PART ONE: THEORY 3

（二）黄土的形成 4

1.1.2 Formation of Loess Soil 4

1.1.3 Geological Classification of Loess Soil 5

（三）黄土的地质划分 5

1.1.4 Properties of Loess Soil and its Influences on Yao-dongs 7

（四）黄土的物理性质与窑洞的关系 7

1.1.5 Topographical Characteristics of Loess Plateaus and its Influences on Yao-dongs 8

（五）黄土高原地貌特征与窑洞民居 8

1.2.2 Man-made Subterrancan and Scmi-subterranean Cave Dwellings 12

Section 1.2 Historical Evolution of Yao-dongs 12

二、中国窑洞的历史演变 12

（一）原始穴居时期 12

（二）人工穴居和半穴居时期 12

1.2.1 Primitive Troglodyte Period 12

（三）窑洞民居的形成 14

1.2.3 Emerging of Yao-dongs 14

Section 1.3 Distribution of Yao-dong Settlements and Various Types of Yao-dongs 17

（一）中国窑洞民居的分布 17

1.3.1 Distribution of Yao-dong Settlements 17

三、中国窑洞民居的分布与类型 17

（三）中国窑洞的类型 19

（二）中国窑洞区的划分 19

1.3.3 Various Types of Yao-dongs 19

1.3.2 Concentrated Regions of Yao-dong Settlements 19

（四）各区窑洞民居的特征 30

1.3.4 Specific Characteristics of Yao-dong Settlements of Different Regions 30

（一）黄土高原的地理自然环境 34

一、黄土高原的自然景观 34

第二章 黄土高原窑洞聚落环境 34

2.1.1 Natural Geographical Environment of Loess Plateaus 34

Section 2.1 Natural Landscape of Loess Plateaus 34

Chapter 2 Living Environments of Yao-dong Settlements in Loess Plateaus 34

（二）黄土高原民居概况 36

2.1.2 General Outline of Loess Plateau Folk Dwellings 36

（一）丘陵沟壑区的冲沟村落 38

2.2.1 Patterns of Villages in Stormed Cracks in Ravines of Hilly Lands 38

Section 2.2 Patterns of Traditional Yao-dong Villages 38

二、传统窑居村落的形态 38

2.2.2 Patterns of Villages in Stormed Cracks Regions of Plateaus 40

（二）高原沟壑区的村落 40

Section 2.3 Culture and Folk Customs in Yao-dong Villages 41

三、窑居村落的民俗与文化 41

Section 2.4 Decorative Features in Yao-dong Architecture 43

四、窑洞民居的装饰特征 43

2.5.1 Advantages of Yao-dongs 58

Section 2.5 Development and Renovation of Yao-dong Villages in Loess Plateaus 58

（一）窑洞的优势 58

五、黄土高原窑洞村落的更新与发展 58

2.5.2 Dilemma of Yao-dong Villages 59

（二）窑居村落的困境 59

2.5.4 Prospects of Yao-dongs 60

2.5.3 Alternatives for Future Yao-dong Villages 60

（三）窑居村落面临的选择 60

（四）窑洞的发展与未来 60

实例评析篇 65

第三章 窑洞村落实例 65

PART TWO:REVIEWS 65

Chapter 3 Examples of Yao-dong Villages 65

一、陕西渭北窑洞村 67

（一）淳化县十里原乡梁家庄村 67

3.1.1 The Liang-jia-zhuang Village in Shi-li-yuan of Chun-hua County 67

Section 3.1 Yao-dong Villages in Wei-bei,Shaanxi Province 67

（二）乾县韩陵乡韩家堡村 68

3.1.2 The Han-jia-bu Village of Han-ling-xiang in Qian County 68

Section 3.2 Yao-dong Villages in Western Henan 70

3.2.1 Miao-Gou Yao-dong Village in Mang-shan-xiang of Luo-yang City 70

二、豫西窑洞村 70

（一）洛阳邙山乡苗沟窑洞村 70

3.2.2 Zhong-tou Village in Mang-shan-xiang of Luo-yang City 72

Section 3.3 Yao-dong Villages in Central Shanxi-Huai-xia Village of Ping-lu County 72

（二）洛阳邙山乡冢头村 72

三、晋中南窑洞村——平陆县槐下村 72

第四章 窑洞实例 74

4.1.1 Dwelling for Family of the Zhangs,No.83-86,South Street of Qing-yang County of Eastern Gansu 74

一、窑居实例 74

（一）陇东庆阳县南大街83～86号张宅 74

Chapter 4 Examples of Yao-dong Architecture 74

Section 4.1 Examples of Yao-dong Dwellings 74

（二）河南省洛阳市冢头村郑连亭宅 75

4.1.2 Dwelling for Zheng Lian-ting in Zhong-tou Village of Luo-yang City,Henan Province 75

（三）陕西省乾县韩家堡村混合窑院 76

4.1.3 Multi-types Yao-dong Courtyard in Han-jia-bu Village of Qian County,Shaanxi Province 76

（四）陕西省乾县韩家堡村韩文新宅 77

4.1.4 Dwelling for Han-wen-xin in Han-jia-bu Village of Qian County,Shaanxi Province 77

4.1.5 Dwelling for Family of the Bo s in Nan-he-du Village of Gong-yi City,Henan Province 78

（五）河南省巩义市南河渡村薄宅 78

4.1.6 Dwelling for the Family of the Cangs in Zhu-chuan Village of Xing-yang County,Henan Province 79

（六）河南省荥阳县竹川仓宅 79

（七）河南省洛阳市冢头村郑真洁宅 80

4.1.7 Dwelling for Zheng Zhen-jie in Zheng-tou Village of Luo-yang City,Henan Province 80

（八）河南省荥阳县田六宅 81

4.1.8 Dwelling for Tian-liu in Xing-yang County, Henan Province 81

4.1.9 Dwelling for Liu Xue-shi in Zhong-tou Village of Luo-yang City 84

（九）河南省洛阳市冢头村刘学诗宅 84

4.1.10 A Renovated Experimental Yao-dong in Bai-ta-shan-zhuang of Lan-zhou City 86

（十）甘肃省兰州市白塔山庄革新实验窑洞 86

Section 4.2 Examples of Schools in Yao-dong Forms 90

4.2.1 Yu-lin Agricultural School,Shaanxi Province 90

（一）陕西省榆林农校 90

二、窑洞学校实例 90

（二）陕西省米脂中学 92

4.2.2 Mi-zhi Middle School,Shaanxi Province 92

4.2.3 Student Hostels in Yan-an University,Shaanxi Province 94

（三）陕西省延安大学学生宿舍 94

Chapter 5 Civilized Traditional Yao-dong Villages for Peasant-scholar Families 96

Section 5.1 A Qing Dynasty Yao-dong Village in Shi-jia-gou of Fen-xi County,Shanxi Province 96

一、山西省汾西县师家沟清代窑居村落 96

第五章 具有耕读文明的窑居村落——“寒窑”的升华 96

Section 5.2 Yao-dong Courtyard Dwelling for Jiang Yao-zu in Liu-jia-mao of Mi-zhi County,Shaanxi province 116

二、陕西省米脂县刘家峁美耀祖宅院 116

Section 5.3 A residence(Fu-feng Old Manor)in Yang-jia-gou of Mi-zhi County,Shaanxi Province 134

三、陕西省米脂县杨家沟扶风古寨 134

Section 5.4 The Wang Family Courtyard Dwelling in Ling-shi County,Shanxi Province 140

四、山西省灵石县王家大院 140

Section 5.5 A Yao-dong Manor for Kang Bai-wan in Gong-yi City,Henan Province 162

五、河南省巩义市康百万窑洞庄园 162

APPENDIX:Researchings of Domestic and World Scholars into Yao-dongs in China 176

附录 中外学者对中国窑洞的研究 176

REFERENCE 182

参考文献 182

POSTSCRIPT 183

后记 183