汽车碰撞头部损伤生物力学 英文版

Chapter 1 Methods in Injury Biomechanics 1

1.1 Statistics,field studies,databases 1

1.2 Injury criteria,injury scales and injury risk 5

1.3 Basic technical definitions and accident reconstruction 8

1.4 Experimental models 13

1.5 Standardized test procedures 18

1.6 Numerical methods 30

Reference 34

Chapter 2 Head Injuries 36

2.1 Anatomy of the head 36

2.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms 38

2.3 Mechanical response of the head 42

2.4 Injury criteria for head injuries 46

2.4.1 Head Injury Criterion(HIC) 46

2.4.2 Head Protection Criterion(HPC) 47

2.4.3 3 ms criterion 48

2.5 Head injuries in sports 48

2.6 Head injury prevention 51

Reference 53

Chapter 3 Development of a Finite Element Head Model for the Study of Impact Head Injury 55

3.1 Segmentation 56

3.2 Models description 61

3.3 Mesh development 63

3.4 Material properties 65

Reference 67

Chapter 4 Validation of the New 3D Finite Element Head Model 71

4.1 Methods and materials 71

4.1.1 Interface conditions in the models 71

4.1.2 Nahum et al.'s experimental impacts 72

4.1.3 Trosseille et al.'s experimental impacts 72

4.1.4 Hardy et al.'s experimental impacts 73

4.2 Results and discussion 74

4.2.1 Impact force and intracranial acceleration response 75

4.2.2 The intracranial pressure(ICP) 76

4.2.3 The maximum von Mises stress in the brain 78

4.2.4 The maximum principal stress in the skull 79

4.2.5 Brain motion 80

4.2.6 Selected future improvement 83

4.3 Pedestrian accident reconstruction 83

4.3.1 Collision model development 83

4.3.2 Simulation result and analysis 84

4.4 Conclusions 86

Reference 87

Chapter 5 Modal and Dynamic Responses of the Human Head-neck Complex for Impact Applications 89

5.1 Introduction 89

5.2 Modal analysis of the finite element model 91

5.2.1 Governing equation and finite element method 91

5.2.2 Development of the 3D finite element head-neck model(FEHM) 92

5.2.3 Validation of the 3D finite element head-neck model 94

5.2.4 Frequency spectrum of the human head-neck complex 95

5.3 Discussion 98

5.3.1 Comparison of fundamental frequency 99

5.3.2 Effect of damping on resonant frequencies and biomechanical responses 100

5.3.3 Comparison of mode shapes 104

5.3.4 Limitations 104

5.4 Summary 105

Reference 105

Chapter 6 Biomechanical Study of the Facial Impact on Pedestrian Traumatic Brain Injury 108

6.1 Introduction 108

6.2 Materials and methods 110

6.2.1 Boundary,loading and contactconditions 110

6.2.2 Result evaluation 111

6.3 Results 112

6.3.1 Stress wave propagation and facial fractures 112

6.3.2 Intracranial biomechanical parameters 124

6.4 Discussion 128

6.5 Summary 130

Reference 130

Chapter 7 Whiplash Injury 134

7.1 Anatomy of the spine 135

7.2 Injury mechanisms 136

7.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances 141

7.4 Injury criteria 143

7.5 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk 144

7.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury 146

7.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material 147

7.6.2 Controlling head restraint position 149

7.6.3 Controlling seat back motion 150

Reference 151

Chapter 8 Brain Dynamic Responses Due to Wave Propagation 156

8.1 Introduction 156

8.2 Methods and materials 158

8.2.1 Finite element method(FEM) 158

8.2.2 Material properties 159

8.2.3 Boundary conditions 160

8.2.4 Contact and fluid-structure interaction(FSI) 160

8.3 Results and discussion 161

8.3.1 Intracranial pressures(ICP) 161

8.3.2 Skull stress 162

8.3.3 Evaluation on different faceshield configuration 164

8.3.4 Discussion 166

8.4 Conclusions 167

Reference 168

Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 169

9.1 Validation against three cadaveric experimental data 169

9.2 Modal and dynamic responses 170

9.3 Biomechanical study of the facial impact 170

9.4 Whiplash neck injury 171

9.5 Head injury due to concomitant wave 172

9.6 Recommendation for future work 173

Reference 173