ATM解决因特网，企业网和居民宽带的新途径 英文版

PartⅠ 1

MultimediaApplicationsRequirements, 1

Chapter1 3

MultimediaApplicationsandATM, 3

1.1 InteractiveMultimediaApplications, 3

1.1.1 ATM, 4

1.1.2 ATMandtheInternet, 5

1.1.3 ATMandtheIntranets, 8

1.1.4 ATMandResidentialBroadbandNetworks, 8

1.2A nIdealCommunicationsNetwork, 9

1.2.1 Distance, 9

1.2.2 Location, 9

1.2.3 Time, 10

1.2.4 Media, 10

1.3 SummaryandOutlineofThisPart, 12

1.4 References, 12

Chapter2 15

NetworkArchitectures:TheTelephoneNetwork,theInternetandIntranets, 15

2.1Introduction, 15

2.2 NetworkingArchitectures, 16

2.2.1 FullyConnectedPoint-to-pointNetworks, 16

2.2.2 SwitchedPoint-to-pointNetworks, 18

2.2.2.1 CircuitSwitching, 19

2.2.2.2 PacketSwitching, 22

2.2.2.3 PermanentConnections, 27

2.2.3 BroadcastNetworks, 27

2.2.3.1 One-wayBroadcast, 27

2.2.3.2 Two-wayCommunications, 28

2.2.3.3 CircuitSwitchingonSharedMedium, 28

2.2.3.4 PacketSwitchingonSharedMedium, 29

2.3 LimitationsofToday sNetworkInfrastructures, 30

2.3.1 TelephoneNetworks, 30

2.3.1.1 Characteristics, 30

2.3.1.2 Limitations, 31

2.3.2 TheInternetandIntranets, 32

2.3.2.1 Characteristics, 32

2.3.2.2 Limitations, 37

2.4 Summary, 39

2.5 References, 40

Chapter3 41

AnApplicationClassification, 41

3.1 Introduction, 41

3.2 CommunicationsApplications, 42

3.2.1 Definition, 42

3.2.2 NetworkingAttributesofanApplication, 42

3.2.2.1 InformationTypes, 42

3.2.2.2 DeliveryRequirements, 43

3.2.2.3 Symmetry, 44

3.2.2.4 NumberofParties, 46

3.2.2.5 WiredorWirelessAccess, 47

3.2.2.6 Mobility, 48

3.2.2.7 HumanversusNon-Human, 49

3.3 AClassificationofApplications, 50

3.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 50

3.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 52

3.3.2.1 InternetApplications, 53

3.3.2.2 WebBrowsing, 53

3.3.2.3 Bandwidth-versusLatency-Limited, 55

3.3.3 Non-realtimeApplications, 56

3.4 Summary, 58

3.5 References, 58

Chapter4 59

ApplicationTrafficRequirements, 59

4.1 Introduction, 59

4.1.1 ApplicationsRequirements, 60

4.1.2 TrafficandQoSRequirements, 61

4.2 TrafficGenerationParterns, 61

4.2.1 ArrivalDistribution:ContinuousversusBurstyTraffic, 62

4.2.2 ADULengthDistribution, 62

4.2.3 PacketLengthDistribution, 63

4.2.3.1 PacketLossProbability, 64

4.2.3.2 MTUSizeofLinkLayer, 64

4.2.3.3 DefaultPacketSizeLimit, 64

4.2.3.4 PacketizationDelay, 65

4.2.3.5 TransmissionDelay, 65

4.2.3.6 EffectsofLossPackets, 65

4.2.4 Self-similarityTraffic, 66

4.2.5 CBRversusVBR, 66

4.2.6 TrafficShaping, 67

4.2.7 AdaptiveApplications, 69

4.2.8 TrafficAsymmetry, 69

4.3 BandwidthRequirements, 70

4.3.1 BandwidthParameters, 70

4.3.1.1 PeakBandwidth, 70

4.3.1.2 AverageBandwidth, 71

4.3.2 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 72

4.3.3 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 73

4.3.4 Time-basedInformationDeliveryRequirements, 75

4.3.5 UserLevelBehavior, 76

4.4 Summary, 77

4.5 References, 77

Chapter5 79

ApplicationQoSRequirements, 79

5.1 Introduction, 79

5.2 DelayRequirements, 81

5.2.1 DelayDistribution, 81

5.2.2 DelayComponents, 81

5.2.3 AbsoluteDelayRequirements, 86

5.2.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 87

5.2.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 89

5.2.4 DelayVariation（Jitters）Requirements, 90

5.2.4.1 Telephony, 92

5.3 ErrorRequirements, 92

5.3.1 ErrorTolerances, 93

5.3.1.1 InformationTypes, 93

5.3.1.2 Usage, 94

5.3.1.3 Components, 94

5.3.1.4 CompressionRatio, 94

5.3.2 ErrorCharacterization, 95

5.3.2.1 ApplicationLayer:ADULossRatio, 95

5.3.2.2 NetworkLayer:PDULossRatio, 95

5.3.2.3 PhysicalLayer:BitErrorRatio, 95

5.3.3 ErrorRequirementsforDifferentApplicationClasses, 96

5.3.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 96

5.3.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 100

5.3.3.3 Non-real-timeApplications, 100

5.4 Summary, 101

5.5 References, 101

PartⅡ 103

FundamentalsofATM, 103

Chapter6 105

PrinciplesofATM, 105

6.1 Introduction, 105

6.2 PrinciplesofATM, 107

6.2.1 SwitchedPoint-to-pointArchitecture, 107

6.2.2 PacketSwitching, 108

6.2.3 FastPacketSwitching, 109

6.2.3.1 ProblemsofClassicPacketSwitching, 109

6.2.3.2 Solution:FastPacketSwitching, 111

6.2.3.3 TechniquesofFastPacketSwitching, 111

6.2.4 ResourceReservationandAdmissionControl, 117

6.2.5 AsynchronousTimeDivisionMultiplexing, 118

6.3 AdvantagesofATM, 119

6.3.1 TechnicalAdvantages, 119

6.3.1.1 HighBandwidth, 119

6.3.1.2 QualityofServiceGuarantee, 120

6.3.1.3 Flexibility, 120

6.3.1.4 Integration, 120

6.3.1.5 Scaleability, 121

6.3.1.6 Efficiency, 122

6.3.1.7 Operations, 122

6.3.2 StrategicAdvantages, 122

6.3.2.1 OneNetworkingArchitecture, 122

6.3.2.2 CompatibleArchitectures, 123

6.3.2.3 TrueMulti-vendorSupport, 123

6.4 Summary, 123

6.5 References, 124

Chapter7 125

OverviewofATM, 125

7.1 Introduction, 125

7.2 BasicElementsofanATMNetwork, 125

7.3 StandardATMInterfaces, 127

7.4 ATMLayeredModel, 129

7.5 BasicATMNetworkOperations, 130

7.5.1 CallEstablishment, 130

7.5.2 CellSequencingandVCRoutes, 132

7.6 CallNegotiationandRenegotiation, 132

7.7 VCNumberandTranslation, 133

7.8 VirtualChannelandVirtualChannelConnection, 136

7.9 VirtualPathConnection, 136

7.10 VCCandVPCUsage, 138

7.10.1 OneVCCforMultipleApplications, 139

7.10.2 OneVCCforEachApplication, 139

7.10.3 MultipleVCCsforanApplication, 140

7.10.4 OneVPCperApplication, 140

7.10.5 OneVPCperComponent, 140

7.10.6 OneVPCperPairofLocations, 141

7.10.7 OneVCCperPairofLocations, 141

7.11 Summary, 141

7.12 References, 141

Chapter8 143

TheProtocolReferenceModelofATM, 143

8.1 Introduction, 143

8.2 LayeredArchitecture, 144

8.2.1 PhysicalLayer, 146

8.2.2 The（Optional）MAClayer, 150

8.2.3 ATMLayer, 152

8.2.3.1 ATMCellFormat, 153

8.2.3.2 ATMLayerFunctionsattheUNI, 157

8.2.4 ATMAdaptationLayer（AAL）, 159

8.2.5 HigherLayerProtocols, 160

8.3 TheHourglassModel, 160

8.4 Multi-PlaneModel, 161

8.4.1 UserPlane, 162

8.4.2 ControlPlane, 163

8.4.3 ManagementPlane, 163

8.5 B-ISDNPRMandISOOSIReferenceModel, 164

8.5.1 PureATMNetworks, 164

8.5.2 Internetworking, 165

8.5.2.1 InternetworkingwithLegacyLANsusingIP, 165

8.6 Summary, 167

8.7 References, 167

Chapter9 169

ATMAdaptationLayer, 169

9.1 Introduction, 169

9.2 End-to-endATMProtocolModel, 170

9.3 AALFunctions, 172

9.3.1 SegmentationandReassembly, 172

9.3.2 ReductionofCPUProcessingOverhead, 173

9.3.3 ErrorControlMechanisms, 174

9.3.4 SynchronizationandClockRecovery, 175

9.3.5 MaintenanceofTrafficPatterns, 176

9.3.6 ReceiveBufferAllocation, 176

9.3.7 MultiplexingofMultipleDataStreams, 177

9.4 AALServiceClassesandAALTypes, 177

9.4.1 OriginofAALTypes, 177

9.4.2 AttributesofAALServiceClasses, 178

9.4.2.1 SourceTrafficPattern, 178

9.4.2.2 End-to-endTimingRelationship, 178

9.4.2.3 ConnectionMode, 178

9.4.3 AALServiceClasses:AnOverview, 179

9.4.3.1 ClassA, 179

9.4.3.2 ClassB, 179

9.4.3.3 ClassC, 179

9.4.3.4 ClassD, 179

9.4.3.5 ClassX, 180

9.4.4 ServiceModelEvolution, 181

9.5 AALTypes, 181

9.5.1 AAL1, 184

9.5.1.1 Functions, 184

9.5.1.2 ConvergenceSublayer, 187

9.5.1.3 SARSublayer, 188

9.5.1.4 Applications, 190

9.5.2 AAL314, 190

9.5.2.1 CSSublayer, 191

9.5.2.2 SARSublayer, 192

9.5.2.3 MessageandStreamingModes, 194

9.5.3 AAL5, 194

9.5.3.1 Functions, 195

9.5.3.2 CSSublayer, 196

9.5.3.3 SAR, 197

9.5.3.4 ComparisonBetweenAAL5andAAL3/4, 197

9.5.4 ComparisonsofAALTypes, 198

9.6 Summary, 199

9.7 References, 199

Chapter10 201

ATMAccess（UNI）Signaling, 201

10.1 Introduction, 201

10.2 ATMSignalingConcepts, 202

10.2.1 PermanentandSwitchedVCs, 202

10.2.2 SignalingVirtualChannel, 203

10.2.3 VPIandVPCI, 204

10.2.3.1 ProxySignalingCapability, 206

10.2.3.2 VirtualUNIsandATMMultiplexer, 207

10.2.4 SignalingProtocolModelandSAAL, 209

10.2.5 ATMAddressing, 210

10.2.6 AddressRegistration, 212

10.2.7 AnycastandGroupAddress, 213

10.3 ATMConnectionTypes, 213

10.3.1 Type1:Point-to-Point, 213

10.3.2 Type2:Point-to-Multipoint, 214

10.3.3 Type3:Multipoint-to-Point, 215

10.3.4 Type4:Multipoint-to-Multipoint, 217

10.3.5 FirstPartyVersusThirdPartyControl, 217

10.4 ATMUNISignalingProtocol, 218

10.4.1 SignalingMessages, 218

10.4.1.1 ProtocolDiscriminator（1octet）, 219

10.4.1.2 CallReference（4octets）, 219

10.4.1.3 MessageType（2octets）, 219

10.4.1.4 MessageLength（2octets）, 219

10.4.2 SignalingProcedures, 226

10.4.2.1 Point-to-PointConnection, 226

10.4.3 ATMCallStates, 232

10.4.4 Timers, 233

10.4.5 Point-to-MultipointConnectionType, 234

10.4.5.1 RootInitiated, 234

10.4.5.2 LeafInitiatedJoinCall, 235

10.5 Summary, 236

10.6 References, 236

Chapter11 237

TrafficManagementandATMServiceCategories, 237

11.1 Introduction. 237

11.2 TrafficManagement, 237

11.2.1 Connection-basedTrafficManagement, 239

11.2.1.1 ConnectionAdmissionContro1, 239

11.2.1.2 NetworkResourceManagement, 240

11.2.2 Cell-by-Cell-BasedTrafficManagement, 240

11.2.2.1 UsageParameterControl, 240

11.2.2.2 TrafficShaping, 241

11.2.2.3 Scheduling, 241

11.2.2.4 BufferManagement, 244

11.2.2.5 CLPControl, 247

11.2.2.6 FeedbackControl, 247

11.3 TrafficContract, 248

11.3.1 ATMTrafficParametersandSourceTrafficDescriptor, 248

11.3.1.1 PeakCellRate, 248

11.3.1.2 SustainableCellRate, 249

11.3.1.3 MaximumBurstSize, 249

11.3.1.4 MinimumCellRate, 249

11.3.2 ConnectionTrafficDescriptor, 250

11.3.2.1 CellDelayVariationTolerance, 250

11.3.2.2 CellConformanceandConnectionCompliance, 250

11.3.3 ATMQoSParameters, 251

11.3.3.1 MaximumCellTransferDelay, 251

11.3.3.2 Peak-to-PeakCellDelayVariation, 251

11.3.3.3 CellLossRatio, 252

11.4 ATMServiceCategories, 252

11.4.1 CBR, 254

11.4.2 rt-VBR, 254

11.4.3 nrt-VBR, 254

11.4.4 UBR, 254

11.4.5 ABR, 255

11.5 ABRService, 255

11.5.1 FeedbackMechanisms, 256

11.5.2 ABRFlowControl, 258

11.6 Summary, 259

11.7 References, 260

PartⅢ 261

ResidentialBroadbandNetworks:ATM-to-the-Home, 261

Chapter12 261

ResidentialBroadbandServiceandNetworkArchitectures, 263

12.1 Introduction, 263

12.2 LegacyResidentialNetworksandInternetAccess, 265

12.2.1 Dial-upInternetAccess, 267

12.3 ResidentialBroadbandServiceRequirements, 269

12.3.1 Connectivity, 269

12.3.1.1 TheInternet, 269

12.3.1.2 CorporateNetworks, 269

12.3.1.3 LocalContent, 270

12.3.1.4 Peer-to-peerCommunication, 270

12.3.2 FunctionalRequirements, 271

12.3.2.1 EasyMigrationfromExistingISPAccessInfrastructure, 271

12.3.2.2 SimultaneousConnectivity:InternetandCorporateNetwork, 271

12.3.2.3 Multi-ProtocolSupport, 271

12.3.2.4 Security, 271

12.3.2.5 Multicast, 272

12.3.2.6 MultipleServiceClassSupport, 272

12.3.2.7 QualityofServiceSupport, 272

12.4 ResidentialBroadbandServiceArchitecture, 272

12.4.1 ResidentialAccessNetwork, 273

12.4.1.1 XDSLModems, 274

12.4.1.2 CableModems, 275

12.4.2 COandHeadendNetworks, 276

12.4.3 BroadbandInternetAccess, 277

12.4.4 In-HomeNetwork, 279

12.4.4.1 ExternalModem, 280

12.4.4.2 InternalPCModems, 281

12.4.5 End-to-endATMArchitecture, 282

12.5 Summary, 283

12.6 References, 283

Chapter13 285

ATMOverxDSLNetworkArchitecture, 285

13.1 Introduction, 285

13.1.1 InteractiveTVMarket, 286

13.1.2 InternetOpportunityandCableModemThreat, 286

13.2 SubscriberLoopArchitecture, 287

13.2.1 SubscriberLoop, 287

13.2.2 DigitalTransmissionsintheLoop, 289

13.2.2.1 DLCSystems, 289

13.2.2.2 CSAGuidelines, 290

13.2.2.3 ISDN:FirstDigitalServicetotheHome, 290

13.3 xDSLTechnologies, 291

13.3.1 History, 291

13.3.2 xDSLCharacteristics, 292

13.3.2.1 BandwidthImprovement, 292

13.3.2.2 Point-to-point, 294

13.3.2.3 Always“Connected”, 294

13.3.2.4 SimultaneousPOTSsupport, 295

13.3.2.5 RateAdaptive, 295

13.3.3 ThexDSLFamily, 295

13.3.3.1 SymmetryinBi-directionalBandwidth, 296

13.3.3.2 Bandwidth, 296

13.3.3.3 MaximumLoopDistance, 296

13.3.3.4 LifelinePOTSSupport, 297

13.3.3.5 HDSL, 297

13.3.3.6 ADSL, 298

13.3.3.7 SDSL, 299

13.3.3.8 VDSL, 299

13.4 ADSL-basedBroadbandServiceArchitecture, 300

13.5 ADSL-basedATM-to-the-HomeArchitecture, 302

13.5.1 Architecture, 302

13.5.1.1 DSLAM, 302

13.5.1.2 CustomerPremise, 305

13.5.2 BroadbandInternetandTelecommutingServices, 305

13.5.2.1 NullEncapsulationandVCMultiplexingofPPPoverATM, 306

13.6 Summary, 307

13.7 References, 307

Chapter14 309

HybridFiber/CoaxNetworkArchitecture, 309

14.1 Introduction, 309

14.2 LegacyCableNetworkArchitecture, 310

14.2.1 History, 310

14.2.2 Topology, 310

14.2.3 NetworkArchitecture:PassbandandBroadcast, 312

14.2.4 SpectrumAllocation, 314

14.3 TheHybridFiberCoaxNetworkArchitecture, 315

14.3.1 LegacyCableNetworkProblems, 315

14.3.1.1 Reliability, 315

14.3.1.2 SignalQuality, 315

14.3.1.3 ReturnPath, 315

14.3.2 TheHFCNetworkArchitecture, 317

14.3.2.1 FiberOptics, 317

14.3.2.2 TheHFCTopology:NodeArchitecture, 318

14.3.2.3 DigitalTransmission, 319

14.3.2.4 UpstreamTransmission, 320

14.3.2.5 SwitchedTwo-WayHFCArchitecture, 321

14.4 ATM-to-the-HomeoverHFCNetwork, 322

14.4.1 InteractiveTVandtheInternet, 322

14.4.2 ATM-to-the-HomeArchitecture,*323++14.4.2.1ATMNodeSwitch, 323

14.4.2.2 HomeTerminationUnit, 326

14.4.2.3 HeadendNetwork, 327

14.4.2.4 HeadendServers, 327

14.4.3 Operation, 327

14.4.4 End-to-endProtocolArchitecture, 328

14.4.5 HybridCableModem:AnalogModemDial-upReturn, 330

14.5 Summary, 330

14.6 References, 331